Table 1 Mean and standard deviation (SD) of gait parameters in Controls, MS (all), and MS faller and non-faller subgroups.

From: The application of principal component analysis to characterize gait and its association with falls in multiple sclerosis

 

Control vs. MS

MS-NF vs. MS-F

Control

MS

p-value (Cohen's D)

MS-NF

MS-F

p-value (Cohen's D)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

 

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

 

Pace

Stride length (% height)

88.25 (3.32)

84.25 (9.13)

 < 0.001 (0.50)

87.08 (6.24)

79.19 (11.31)

 < 0.001 (0.94)

ROM shank (°)

83.65 (3.60)

79.35 (8.75)

 < 0.001 (0.56)

82.03 (6.17)

74.56 (10.68)

 < 0.001 (0.93)

Peak swing velocity (°/s)

430.55 (38.47)

408.1 (58.73)

0.01 (0.42)

426.82 (46.84)

375.03 (63.77)

 < 0.001 (0.97)

Stride velocity (% height/s)

86.86 (7.83)

81.23 (12.72)

 < 0.001 (0.49)

85.85 (9.95)

73.00 (13.13)

 < 0.001 (1.15)

ROM knee (°)

58.92 (3.04)

57.38 (4.82)

0.02 (0.35)

58.53 (3.63)

55.40 (5.97)

0.003 (0.68)

Turn number of steps

3.85 (0.68)

4.45 (0.94)

 < 0.001 (− 0.69)

4.23 (0.86)

4.86 (0.97)

 < 0.001 (− 0.70)

Turn peak velocity (°/s)

188.37 (33.98)

169.51 (40.05)

0.01 (0.49)

178.67 (40.83)

152.97 (33.35)

 < 0.001 (0.67)

Rhythm

Stance time (% GC)

61.74 (2.04)

62.26 (2.70)

0.24 (-0.21)

62.31 (2.43)

62.20 (3.20)

0.83 (0.04)

Swing time (% GC)

38.26 (2.04)

37.74 (2.70)

0.24 (0.21)

37.69 (2.43)

37.80 (3.20)

0.83 (− 0.04)

Cadence (steps/min)

118.07 (9.46)

115.47 (11.43)

0.13 (0.24)

118.13 (9.02)

110.78 (13.80)

0.003 (0.67)

Gait cycle time (s)

1.02 (0.08)

1.05 (0.11)

0.13 (-0.27)

1.02 (0.08)

1.10 (0.14)

0.001 (− 0.76)

Variability

Stance time variability (% GC)

0.02 (0.01)

0.02 (0.01)

0.63 (−0.08)

0.02 (0.01)

0.02 (0.01)

0.23 (−0.23)

Swing time variability (% GC)

0.04 (0.02)

0.04 (0.01)

0.23 (−0.21)

0.04 (0.01)

0.04 (0.01)

0.21 (−0.24)

ROM knee variability (°)

0.03 (0.01)

0.04 (0.01)

0.01 (−0.48)

0.04 (0.01)

0.04 (0.02)

0.13 (−0.32)

ROM shank variability (°)

0.02 (0.01)

0.02 (0.01)

0.01 (−0.42)

0.02 (0.01)

0.03 (0.01)

0.13 (−0.34)

Asymmetry

Stance time asymmetry (% GC)

2.94 (2.36)

3.61 (3.03)

0.18 (−0.32)

3.03 (2.44)

4.76 (3.66)

0.01 (−0.59)

Swing time asymmetry (% GC)

5.30 (4.30)

6.02 (4.88)

0.39 (−0.15)

5.10 (4.19)

7.83 (5.58)

0.01 (−0.58)

AP dynamic stability

ROM trunk sagittal (°)

4.36 (1.06)

4.66 (1.43)

0.21 (− 0.22)

4.78 (1.53)

4.47 (1.20)

0.27 (0.21)

ROM trunk sagittal variability (°)

0.18 (0.06)

0.18 (0.05)

0.50 (0.12)

0.17 (0.04)

0.19 (0.06)

0.12 (0.07)

ML dynamic stability

ROM trunk frontal variability (°)

0.19 (0.06)

0.19 (0.06)

0.78 (−0.05)

0.19 (0.06)

0.19 (0.06)

0.71 (0.07)

ROM trunk frontal (°)

8.17 (1.83)

8.97 (2.68)

0.03 (−0.32)

8.77 (2.61)

9.46 (2.72)

0.18 (-0.26)

  1. MS multiple sclerosis, MS-NF people with MS that reported no falls in the last 6 months, MS-F people with MS that reported one or more falls in the previous 6 months, % GC percent of the gait cycle.
  2. Variability was computed using the coefficient of variation. Bold indicates significance at the p < 0.05 level.
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