Table 1 Threat factors and related coefficients.

From: Spatiotemporal effects of urban sprawl on habitat quality in the Pearl River Delta from 1990 to 2018

Threat factor

\(d_{{r\,max}}\)(km)

Weight \(w_{r}\)

Distance–decay function

Cropland

5

0.5

Exponential

City/town

9

1.0

Exponential

Rural settlements

6

0.6

Exponential

Other construction land

2

1.0

Exponential

Unused land

1

0.4

Linear

Land reclamation

2

0.3

Linear