Table 4 Multiple logistic regression models to assess the risk factors associated with ≤ 60 ml decline in FEV1 in COPD patients.

Risk factors	≤ 60 ml decline in FEV1 (251)
Risk factors	RR	95% CI	Sig
BMI	1.21	0.85–1.31	0.11
Age	1.12	0.79–1.34	0.01
Gender	0.73	0.29–1.04	0.08
Smoking status
Current smokers	3.27	2.56–3.34	< 0.001
Disease severity
GOLD Stage I & II	0.74	0.47–1.13	0.21
GOLD Stage III & IV	3.48	2.72–4.36	< 0.001
mMRC Dyspnea
mMRC score 2 to 3	2.17	1.64–2.88	< 0.01
mMRC score 3 to 4	2.54	2.13–3.20	< 0.001
Difference in health status measure Scores over a period of one year
SGRQ-C score ≥ 10 points difference	3.27	2.78–3.91	< 0.001
SGRQ-C symptoms Score ≥ 10 points difference	2.32	1.93–3.18	< 0.001
SGRQ-C activity Score ≥ 10 points difference	1.74	1.79–2.80	< 0.001
Exercise capacity
6MWT > 350 m	1.13	0.81–1.29	0.07
6MWT < 350 m	2.69	2.19–3.84	< 0.001
Exacerbation
≤ 2 exacerbation in study year	1.54	1.15–1.84	0.01
≥ 3 exacerbation in study year	3.49	2.85–3.73	< 0.001
Hospital admission days
1 to 7	1.31	0.91–1.49	0.05
8 or more	3.91	3.36–4.30	< 0.001
Comorbidities
CCI ≤ 3	1.49	1.14–1.72	< 0.01
CCI ≥ 3	3.46	2.73–4.13	< 0.001
Emphysema	1.24	1.03–1.52	< 0.01
Chronic Bronchitis	1.12	0.86–1.35	< 0.01
Inflammation
Eosinophil count ≥ 3%	1.78	0.82–2.12	< 0.001
Vaccination	0.53	0.27–0.69	0.42
Medication
LABA	0.72	(0.64–0.88)	< 0.01
LAMA	0.79	(0.62–0.92)	< 0.01
Occupational Hazards	1.43	1.14–1.88	< 0.01

BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CCI, Charlson comorbidity Index; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV₁%, percentage predicted FEV1; GOLD, global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; GOLD I (FEV₁% > 80); GOLD II (FEV₁% 50–79); GOLD III (FEV₁% 30–49); GOLD IV (FEV₁% < 30); mMRC, modified medical research council dyspnoea scale, SGRQ-C, St George’s Respiratory COPD specific Questionnaire; LABA, long-acting beta agonist; LAMA, long acting muscarinic antagonist; RR, Relative Risk; spirometry was post bronchodilator; Vaccination, Pneumonia and influenza vaccination; 6MWT, six minute walking distance test.

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