Table 2 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis model data for progression of DR.

Age, years

0.986

0.961–1.013

0.311

Sex ratio, male/female

0.997

0.537–1.850

0.992

Systemic hypertension, n (%)

1.475

0.859–2.533

0.159

Ischemic heart disease, n (%)

0.981

0.924–1.041

0.528

Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

0.919

0.559–2.604

0.233

Body mass index (kg/m²)

0.995

0.987–1.003

0.813

Duration of DM, years

0.995

0.956–1.035

0.797

Body mass index (kg/m²)

0.997

0.926–1.074

0.934

Thin (< 20 kg/m²) (n)

1.009

0.966–1.054

0.686

Normal (20 to < 25)

1.195

0.724–2.298

0.588

Overweight (25 to < 30)

0.763

0.606–1.069

0.102

Obese (≥ 30)

1.009

0.966–1.054

0.686

Cigarette smoking status (non-smokers/ex-smokers/current smokers)

0.957

0.506–1.809

0.892

Severity of DR, PDR

3.051

1.164–7.996

0.023

1.595

0.597–4.259

0.351

Ophthalmic variables

IOP, mmHg

1.064

0.970–1.166

0.190

Visual acuity at presentation (Snellen)

0.043

0.012–0.159

0.000

0.053

0.012–0.232

0.000

Spherical equivalent, diopters

1.020

0.832–1.249

0.851

Axial length, mm

1.008

0.627–1.619

0.975

Lens status (phakic/pseudophakic)

0.938

0.417–2.106

0.976

Glaucoma accompanied

1.237

0.495–3.093

0.649

Chronic kidney disease

1.385

0.720–2.665

0.330

Blood concentration of

Platelet count

1.244

1.101–1.308

0.022

1.215

1.097–1.309

0.031

MPV (fL)

1.181

0.790–1.767

0.417

PDW (%)

0.960

0.920–1.002

0.063

Hemoglobin

0.835

0.716–0.974

0.022

1.307

0.615–2.778

0.486

Hematocrit

0.935

0.884–0.988

0.018

0.862

0.660–1.126

0.277

HbA1c (%)

0.952

0.798–1.136

0.586

Chemistry

Sodium (Na)

1.001

0.989–1.013

0.927

Potassium (K)

0.986

0.916–1.061

0.707

Chloride (Cl)

1.004

0.935–1.079

0.903

TCO₂

1.027

0.978–1.078

0.291

Calcium, total

1.298

0.864–1.949

0.209

Phosphorus

1.603

1.056–2.434

0.027

1.305

0.769–2.215

0.324

Uric acid

1.181

1.002–1.393

0.047

1.082

0.885–1.323

0.445

Albumin

0.935

0.593–1.474

0.773

Protein, total

1.031

0.639–1.665

0.899

ALT (mg/dL)

0.980

0.955–1.007

0.140

AST (mg/dL)

0.988

0.963–1.013

0.330

1.079

0.976–1.193

0.137

Cr eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

0.996

0.987–1.006

0.455

BUN (mg/dL)

1.016

0.992–1.041

0.190

Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.118

0.936–1.336

0.217

Protein (urine) (grade 1 ~ 4)

1.277

0.948–1.588

0.120

Lipid profile

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

1.007

1.001–1.013

0.017

1.006

0.999–1.014

0.081

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

0.130

0.999–1.007

0.130

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

1.003

0.994–1.012

0.516

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

0.985

0.956–1.015

0.332

Blood coagulation test

PT (prothrombin time)

1.073

0.986–1.167

0.103

aPTT

0.987

0.945–1.030

0.540