Figure 1

The study area: Khakass-Minusinsk Depression (satellite imagery basemap acquired from ArcGIS Map Wiever, Esri; https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html). Asterisks represent climatic stations with available daily (dark) and monthly (light) data; circles represent tree-ring sampling sites (red, Pinus sylvestris L.; yellow, Larix sibirica Ledeb.; orange, both sp.); dash-line areas show areas around climatic stations MIN, TASH, and CHER where their data were used to analyze climatic response of tree-ring chronologies. The inset map shows the location of the study area. Climatic diagram is based on monthly regional data series REG (see “Methods”; 1936–2014). Wind rose shows mean repeatability of wind directions at MIN.