Figure 2

Relationships between the years of minimum and maximum observed (A) and modelled (B) altitudinal occurrences for 37 mountain butterfly species. The black line denotes the 1:1 relationship. Observed (C) and modelled (D) numbers of species with their minimum (light grey bars) and maximum (dark grey) observed elevation of occurrence in a focal decade. Median altitudinal shift per decade revealed by the median altitudinal position of each species within a decade minus the median over the complete study period as evident from species records (E) and species distribution models (F); this analysis was performed for all species. The coefficient of determination R² refer to linear ordinary least squares regression. Parametric significances: **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.