Table 1 Cross-sectional characteristics of participants.

Weighted proportion, %(n = 7346)

1.5 (0.2)

32.0 (1.0)

35.4 (0.9)

31.0 (0.8)

Age (years) (n = 7346)

36.9 (1.8)*

40.4 (0.7)

44.9 (0.5)*

44.0 (0.5) *

Male %(n = 7346)

21.5 (4.6)*

43.2 (1.3)

57.5 (1.2)*

49.0 (1.3) *

Ethnicity % (n = 7346)

Mexican American

4.2 (1.8)

7.0 (0.9)

11.2 (1.5) *

11.4 (1.6) *

Non-Hispanic White

85.1 (2.8)

83.7 (1.4)

79.6 (1.9) *

73.8 (2.6) *

Non-Hispanic Black

10.8 (1.9)

9.3 (1.0)

9.2 (1.0)

14.8 (1.8) *

Education level (%)(n = 7331)

26.7 (5.5)

34.6 (1.9)

32.3 (1.9)

24.9 (1.5) *

Current smoker % (n = 7346)

28.0 (5.2)

21.5 (1.6)

16.7 (1.2) *

13.8 (0.9) *

MET scores/week (n = 7346)

480 [120–1080]

600 [180–1320]

540 [160–1440]

400 [80–1320]

HOMA-IR (n = 3038)

0.9 [0.6–1.2]*

1.4 [1.0–2.0]

2.3 [1.6–3.4] *

3.6 [2.5–5.3] *

C-reactive protein (mg/dL) (n = 5165)

0.03 [0.01–0.07] *

0.07 [0.03–0.18]

0.15 [0.07–0.30] *

0.31 [0.15–0.66] *

BMI (kg/m²) (n = 7346)

17.75 (0.07) *

22.42 (0.06)

27.36 (0.04) *

35.26 (0.16) *

Height (cm) (n = 7346)

166.8 (0.7) *

169.8 (0.2)

170.7 (0.3) *

169.7 (0.3)

Waist circumference (cm) (n = 7206)

70.9 (0.5) *

82.5 (0.3)

95.8 (0.2) *

112.6 (0.4) *

Percentage body fat (%) (n = 4598)

24.3 (0.5) *

29.2 (0.2)

33.2 (0.2) *

39.0 (0.3) *

Body roundness index (n = 7038)

2.09 (0.05) *

3.13 (0.03)

4.62 (0.02) *

7.06 (0.05) *

A body shape index (n = 7206)

0.0808 (0.0006) *

0.0797 (0.0002)

0.0808 (0.0001) *

0.0807 (0.0001) *

FEV₁ (%predicted) (n = 7346)

90.8 (1.8) *

98.0 (0.5)

98.6 (0.3)

96.5 (0.4) *

FVC (%predicted) (n = 7346)

92.9 (1.4) *

101.7 (0.4)

101.5 (0.3)

98.3 (0.4) *

FEV₁/FVC ratio (n = 7346)

80.6 (1.1) *

79.5 (0.4)

77.8 (0.2) *

79.0 (0.2)