Table 1 Study characteristics table.
Title | Year | Sample size | Sample analyzed | Intervention group | Control group(s) | Mean age | Female (%) | DPT Inj. sites | Dextrose volume/inj | DPT inj. frequency | Outcomes | Assessment time points | Duration (weeks) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | The Efficacy of dextrose prolotherapy for temporomandibular joint hypermobility: a preliminary prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Refai 2011 | N = 12 | N = 12 | Gp A (n = 6):2 ml 10% dextrose + 1 ml 2% mepivacaine | Gp B (n = 6): 2 ml NS + 1 ml 2% mepivacaine | 26.42 ± 5.66 | 83.30% | IA (superior joint space) Superior and inferior capsular attachment | 3 ml | 4 inj.; 6-week apart | *Pain (4 scales: no, mild, moderate and severe) Number of luxations (locking /month) MMO (cm) | Week 0, 6, 12, 18 and 30 | 30 |
2 | Is dextrose prolotherapy superior to placebo for the treatment of temporomandibular joint hypermobility? A randomized clinical trial | Kilic 2016 | N = 30 | N = 26 | Gp A (n = 14): 2 ml dextrose 30% dextrose + 2 ml NS + 1 ml 2% mepivacaine | Gp B (n = 12): 4 ml NS + 1 ml 2% mepivacaine | 30.81 ± 11.60 | 73% | IA (superior joint space) posterior disc attachment Superior and inferior capsular attachment Stylo-mandibular ligament | 5 ml | 3 inj.; 4-week apart | Vas pain 0–10 Masticatory efficiency VAS 0–10 Joint sounds VAS 0–10 Painless mouth openning mm MMO (mm) Lateral motion (mm) Protrusion motion (mm) | 0, 52 | 52 |
3 | Change of site of intra-articular injection of hypertonic dextrose resulted in different effects of treatment | Fouda 2018 | N = 72 | N = 72 | 25% dextrose + 2% mepivaine Gp A (n = 18):sup. Joint space | 25% dextrose + 2% mepivaine at different injection sites:Gp B (n = 18):capsule Gp C (n = 18): inferior joint space Gp D (n = 18): retrodiscal tisse | Mean 30 (SD 18–42) | 77.80% | Gp A: superior jt space Gp B: capsule Gp C: inferior jt space Gp D : retrodiscal tissue | 1.5 ml | 4 inj.; weekly | VAS 0–100 | Week 0, 2, 12 | 12 |
4 | Evaluation of the efficacy of different concentrations of dextrose prolotherapy in temporomandibular joint hypermobility treatment | Mustafa 2018 | N = 40 | N = 37 | Gp A (n = 9): 1.5 ml 20% dextrose + 1.5 ml 2% lidacaine | Gp B (n = 10) : 1.5 ml 10% dextrose + 1.5 ml 2% lidacaine Gp C (n = 9): 1.5 ml 30% dextrose + 1.5 ml 2%lidacaine Gp D (n = 9): 1.5 ml NS + 1.5 ml 2% lidocaine | 25 ± 6.54 | 70% | IA (superior joint space) Posterior disc attachment Superior and inferior capsular attachment | 3 ml | 4 inj.; 4 weeks apart | VAS 0–10 MMO (mm) Luxation per month( yes/no) Joint sounds (yes/no) | week 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 | 16 |
5 | Treatment of temporomandibular dysfunction with hypertonic dextrose injection (Prolotherapy): a randomized controlled trial with long-term partial crossover | Louw 2018 | N = 42 | N = 40 | Gp A (n = 22): 20% dextrose + 0.2% lidocaine | Gp B (n = 20): water + 0.2% lidocaine | 46 ± 14 | 83% | IA (superior joint space) | 1 ml | 3 inj.; 4 weeks apart | NRS 0–10 Pain NRS 0–10 function MIO (mm) | week 0, 4, 8, 12, 52 | 52 (open label after week 12) |
6 | Sodium hyaluronic acid, platelet rich plasma and dextrose prolotherapy in management of temporo-mandibular joint internal derangement. A comparative study | Mahmoud 2018 | N = 45 | not reported | Gp A (n = 15):12.5 dextrose + 2% lidocaine | Gp B (n = 15 ): hyaluronic acid Gp C (n = 15): platelet rich plasma | Age range (20–50) | 62.20% | IA (posterior joint space) Anterior disc attachement Messeter muscle attachment | 3 ml | 3 inj.; 2 weeks apart | *VAS 0–10 *MIO (mm) *Mandibular deviation (yes/no) | Week 0, 4, 12, 24, 52 | 52 |
7 | Dextrose prolotherapy in the treatment of recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation (clinical study) | Saadat 2018 | N = 16 | N = 16 | 25% dextrose + 2% lidocaine Gp A (n = 8) : superior joint space | 25% dextrose + 2% lidocaine Gp B (n = 8) : retrodiscal ligamament | 29.5 (age range 23 to 40 ) | 69% | Gp A-superior joint space ; Gp B -retrodiscal ligament | 2 ml | Single inj. at week 0 | *VAS 0–10 *MIO (cm) *Number of dislocation per week | Week 0, 2, 4, 12, 24 | 24 |
8 | Assessment of the therapeutic effects for autologous blood versys dextrose prolotherapy for the treatment of temporo-mandibular joint hypermobility: a randomized prospective clinical study | Arafat 2019 | N = 30 | Not reported | Gp A (n = 15):10% dextrose + 2% mepivacaine | Gp B (n = 15): autologous blood | 18–39 years old | 37% | IA (superior joint space) superior and inferior capsular attachment | 3 ml | 3 inj. 2-weeks apart | *VAS 0–10 *MIO (mm) | Week 0, 2, 12, 24 | 24 |
9 | Dextrose prolotherapy versus lidocaine injection for temporomandibular dysfunction: a pragmatic randomized controlled triala | Zarate 2020 | N = 29 | N = 27 | GP A (n = 15): 20% dextrose + 0.2% lidocaine | Gp B (n = 14): water + 0.2% lidocaine | 47 ± 17 | 86% | IA (superior joint space) | 1 ml | 3 inj.; 4-weeks apart | NRS 0–10 Pain NRS 0–10 function MIO (mm) | Week 0, 4, 8, 12, 52 | 52 (open label after week 12) |
10 | Dextrose prolotherapy versus low level laser therapy (LLLT) for Management of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD): clinical randomized controlled study | Hassanien 2020 | N = 20 | N = 20 | Gp A (n = 10): 12.5% dextrose + 2% lidocaine | Gp B (n = 10): laser (3 times per week for 4 weeks) | 26 ± 4 | 50% | IA (posterior joint space) Anterior disc attachement Messeter muscle attachment | 3 ml | 3 inj.; 2-week apart | VAS 0–10 MMO (mm) | Week 2, 4 | 4 |
