Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants by thirds of the PM2.5 distribution.

From: Glomerular function in relation to fine airborne particulate matter in a representative population sample

Characteristic

11.0–13.0 μg/m3

12.9–13.9 μg/m3

13.3–16.1 μg/m3

P

All in category

273

273

274

 

Women (n [%])

139 (50.9)

137 (50.2)

140 (51.1)

0.98

Smokers (n [%])

48 (17.6)

49 (18.0)

71 (25.9)*

0.03

Hypertension (n [%])

112 (41.0)

118 (43.2)

111 (40.5)

0.79

Antihypertensive treatment (n [%])

72 (26.4)

66 (24.2)

73 (26.6)

0.78

Statin treatment (n [%])

38 (13.9)

37 (13.6)

31 (11.3)

0.63

Diabetes mellitus (n [%])

17 (6.2)

7 (2.6)

8 (2.9)

0.07

Cardiovascular disease (n [%])

12 (4.4)

12 (4.4)

15 (5.5)

0.79

Microalbuminuria (n [%])

7 (2.7)

13 (5.1)

9 (3.4)

0.34

CKD, stage ≥ 3 (n [%])

26 (9.5)

25 (9.2)

18 (6.6)

0.40

Mean of characteristic

Age (years)

51.6 (15.4)

51.7 (15.5)

50.2 (16.1)

0.47

Body mass index (kg/m2)

26.4 (4.3)

26.6 (4.4)

26.6 (4.4)

0.91

Systolic pressure (mm Hg)

128.2 (18.2)

130.7 (17.3)

129.2 (16.9)

0.26

Diastolic pressure (mm Hg)

79.2 (9.7)

80.0 (9.4)

79.9 (9.5)

0.56

Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg)

95.5 (11.1)

96.9 (10.6)

96.3 (10.2)

0.33

Heart rate (beats per minute)

63.5 (9.8)

63.0 (9.1)

64.0 (10.3)

0.46

Biochemical data

 Serum creatinine (μmol/L)

86.3 (13.4)

86.8 (19.3)

86.2 (13.0)

0.88

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

80.3 (15.9)

80.5 (16.1)

81.9 (17.2)

0.44

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.19 (0.94)

5.33 (1.01)

5.24 (0.96)

0.24

 HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.40 (0.33)

1.42 (0.38)

1.45 (0.34)

0.40

 Total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio

3.86 (1.00)

3.95 (1.09)

3.78 (1.00)

0.17

 Plasma glucose (mmol/L)

5.04 (1.11)

4.92 (0.63)

4.86 (0.58)

0.03

 γ-glutamyltransferase (units/L)

22 (10–67)

21 (10–95)

22 (11–63)

0.56

Airborne particulate

 Black carbon (μg/m3)

0.99 (0.06)

1.12 (0.07)§

1.39 (0.15)§

< 0.0001

 PM2.5 (μg/m3)

12.7 (0.25)

13.2 (0.20)§

14.6 (0.70)§

< 0.0001

  1. CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, glomerular filtration rate estimated from serum creatinine by the CKD-EPI formula; HDL, high-density lipoprotein. Microalbuminuria (> 3.5/> 2.5 mg per mmol creatinine in women/men) was available in 780 participants. Thirds of the PM2.5 distribution were determined after stratification for sex and age (< 50, 50–64, ≥ 65 years). Blood pressure was the average of five consecutive auscultatory readings. Hypertension was a blood pressure of ≥ 140 mm Hg systolic or ≥ 90 mm Hg diastolic, or use of antihypertensive drugs. Diabetes mellitus was a fasting plasma glucose of > 7.0 mmol/L (> 126 mg/dL) or the use of antidiabetic agents. The central tendency (data spread) is given as arithmetic mean (SD) or median (5th–5th percentile interval). P-values were derived by Fisher exact test, ANOVA or the Kruskal–Wallis test. Significance of the difference with the adjacent lower third: *P ≤ 0.05; §P ≤ 0.0001.
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