Figure 1

Schematic diagram of the fully factorial experimental design used in the present study. Chilo suppressalis from water-oat field and rice field were reared on water-oats fruit pulps or rice seedlings for three continuous generations to examine the effects of host plant and population origin on the gut microbiota. There were two cross-rearing populations (i.e., non-original populations) comprised of water-oat population individuals reared on rice seedlings (j) and rice population individuals reared on water-oat fruit pulps (r). The corresponding original populations were water-oat population individuals reared on water-oat fruit pulps (J) and rice population individuals reared on rice seedlings (R).