Table 2 Hypergravity-induced changes in wheat growth parameters recorded on the final count of wheat seedlings (8th-day), at intermediate vegetative growth stage (20th-day), and at the beginning of reproductive phase (45th-day) in greenhouse conditions (Tab. F (5%) = 3.555).

From: Novel hypergravity treatment enhances root phenotype and positively influences physio-biochemical parameters in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

	Hyper g treatment	Mean ± S. Em	% change over control	P ≤ 0.05	Cal. F	CD (5%)	CV (%)
8th day	Root length (cm)
	Control (1×g)	14.76 ± 0.401			11.83	1.268	7.032
	10×g 12 h	17.65 ± 0.371	19.58	0.000*
	24 h	15.78 ± 0.497	6.91	0.235
	Shoot length (cm)
	Control (1×g)	15.19 ± 0.350			4.059	1.057	5.892
	10×g 12 h	16.58 ± 0.302	9.15	0.032*
	24 h	16.18 ± 0.406	6.52	0.149
	Seedling dry weight (mg)
	Control (1×g)	24.43 ± 0.658			3.667	2.116	7.339
	10×g 12 h	27.00 ± 0.887	10.52	0.049*
	24 h	25.60 ± 0.548	4.79	0.489
	Seedling vigor index
	Control (1×g)	2374 ± 86.44			4.593	240.3	8.324
	10×g 12 h	2700 ± 88.01	13.73	0.027*
	24 h	2638 ± 66.43	11.12	0.080
20th day	Root length (cm)
	Control (1×g)	34.03 ± 1.612			4.681	4.212	10.13
	10×g 12 h	40.16 ± 1.462	18.01	0.018*
	24 h	36.86 ± 1.136	8.31	0.353
	Shoot length (cm)
	Control (1×g)	27.86 ± 0.594			0.116	2.249	11.43
	10×g 12 h	28.21 ± 0.924	1.26	0.941
	24 h	27.71 ± 0.714	− 0.54	0.990
	Root volume (cm³)
	Control (1×g)	0.38 ± 0.039			1.293	0.099	18.06
	10×g 12 h	0.41 ± 0.032	6.32	0.093
	24 h	0.40 ± 0.025	5.26	0.872
	Root dry weight (mg)
	Control (1×g)	24.38 ± 1.205			5.003	4.202	13.74
	10×g 12 h	30.61 ± 1.430	25.55	0.015*
	24 h	26.77 ± 1.581	9.80	0.479
	Shoot dry weight (mg)
	Control (1×g)	49.16 ± 1.872			2.226	6.336	11.45
	10×g 12 h	52.59 ± 1.301	5.26	0.505
	24 h	46.25 ± 2.905	− 5.92	0.604
45th day	Root length (cm)
	Control (1×g)	39.17 ± 2.097			17.25	3.512	13.43
	10×g 12 h	47.76 ± 2.982	21.93	0.000*
	24 h	39.34 ± 1.421	4.07	0.995
	Shoot length (cm)
	Control (1×g)	43.21 ± 2.407			18.94	1.410	12.76
	10×g 12 h	48.24 ± 2.202	11.64	0.012*
	24 h	44.97 ± 2.684	4.10	0.083
	Number of roots/plant
	Control (1×g)	13.84 ± 1.523			0.332	1.898	11.88
	10×g 12 h	14.57 ± 1.844	5.31	0.699
	24 h	14.22 ± 1.486	2.73	0.908
	Root volume (cm³)
	Control (1×g)	0.86 ± 0.045			7.883	0.130	12.11
	10×g 12 h	1.10 ± 0.050	27.91	0.004*
	24 h	0.93 ± 0.037	8.14	0.549
	Root dry weight (mg)
	Control (1×g)	157.3 ± 6.422			4.641	20.69	10.91
	10×g 12 h	185.8 ± 7.193	18.09	0.040*
	24 h	163.4 ± 8.809	3.87	1.000
	Shoot dry weight (mg)
	Control (1×g)	383.9 ± 22.78			1.624	64.90	14.03
	10×g 12 h	439.5 ± 23.75	13.18	0.197
	24 h	412.1 ± 18.65	7.35	0.637

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Table 2 Hypergravity-induced changes in wheat growth parameters recorded on the final count of wheat seedlings (8th-day), at intermediate vegetative growth stage (20th-day), and at the beginning of reproductive phase (45th-day) in greenhouse conditions (Tab. F (5%) = 3.555).

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