Table 1 Non-invasive methods for CO measurement.

From: Lung-to-finger circulation time can be measured stably with high reproducibility by simple breath holding method in cardiac patients

Non-invasive CO measurement methods

Echocardiogram4

Cardiac MRI2

Volume clamp method5

Impedance cardiography6

Bioreactance method7

Pulse wave transit time analysis8

Inert gas rebreathing technique9

  1. CO, cardiac output; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
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