Table 1 Baseline demographics and medical characteristics.

From: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor cardiovascular safety in patients with type 2 diabetes, with cardiovascular and renal disease: a retrospective cohort study

	DPP-4i (n = 9146)		Sulfonylureas (n = 17,481)		Metformin (n = 88,596)
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Male sex	5351	58.51	10,559	60.40	46,224	52.17
Age, years
35–44	877	9.59	2066	11.82	11,755	13.27
45–54	2815	30.78	5147	29.44	29,238	33.00
55–64	5454	59.63	10,268	58.74	47,603	53.73
Cumulative exposure, months
< 6 months	4943	54.05	9838	56.28	47,534	53.65
6–12 months	2580	28.21	4326	24.75	23,869	26.94
12–18 months	848	9.27	1665	9.52	8713	9.83
> 18 months	775	8.47	1652	9.45	8480	9.57
Comorbidities in baseline
Cardiovascular disease	8187	89.51	15,359	87.86	84,138	94.97
Kidney disease (chronic and acute)	1372	15.00	3011	17.22	6263	7.07
Cerebrovascular disease	1574	17.21	2931	16.77	14,391	16.24
Ischemic heart disease	3926	42.93	7374	42.18	35,242	39.78
Hypertension	7501	82.01	13,902	79.53	68,723	77.57
Eye disease	3149	34.43	5289	30.26	28,809	32.52
Renal disease^a	4029	44.05	7243	41.43	34,718	39.19
Acute renal failure	465	5.08	1126	6.44	2118	2.39
Neuropathy	1320	14.43	2270	12.99	12,573	14.19
Nephropathy	559	6.11	1330	7.61	2455	2.77
aDCSI score
0	5813	63.56	11,326	64.79	61,295	69.18
1	1203	13.15	2055	11.76	10,806	12.20
2	1358	14.85	2738	15.66	11,290	12.74
3 +	772	8.44	1362	7.79	5205	5.87
Dual exposures
Sulfonylureas	0	0.00	0	0.00	1,524	1.72
Metformin	3451	37.73	1524	8.72	0	0.00
DPP-4 inhibitors	0	0.00	0	0.00	3451	3.90
Concomitant baseline medications
ACE inhibitors	2022	22.11	3643	20.84	20,522	23.16
Angiotensin II receptor blockers	2380	26.02	3346	19.14	18,410	20.78
Antidepressants	2132	23.31	3378	19.32	24,832	28.03
Antiplatelets	2871	31.39	4729	27.05	28,182	31.81
Asthma medication	4599	50.28	7531	43.08	48,709	54.98
Benzodiazepines	1842	20.14	2905	16.62	20,485	23.12
Beta blockers	2832	30.96	5208	29.79	28,437	32.10
Blood thinners and anticoagulants	496	5.42	820	4.69	4924	5.56
Calcium channel blockers	1507	16.48	2762	15.80	13,754	15.52
Cardioselective beta blockers	940	10.28	1632	9.34	7767	8.77
Diuretics	1737	18.99	3016	17.25	19,258	21.74
Nitrates	807	8.82	1342	7.68	7924	8.94
Peripheral neuropathic treatments	688	7.52	944	5.40	6867	7.75
Statins	4699	51.38	7484	42.81	41,933	47.33
Thiazide diuretics	1875	20.50	3335	19.08	21,306	24.05

aDCSI adapted diabetes complications severity index.
^aIncludes diseases of kidneys, ureters, and bladders; inclusive of acute renal failure.

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Table 1 Baseline demographics and medical characteristics.

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