Table 4 Hazard ratios for the association between DPP-4 inhibitor use and primary composite outcome, stratified by cumulative exposure.

Reference drug	Hazard ratios for DPP-4 inhibitors use
Reference drug	N_ref	N_DPP-4i	Hazard ratio [95% CI]
Sulfonylureas
aHR^a	17,481	9146	0.84 [0.74, 0.93]
Cumulative exposure < 6 months	9838	4943	0.85 [0.71, 0.93]
Cumulative exposure 6–12 months	4326	2580	0.76 [0.70, 0.93]
Cumulative exposure 12–18 months	1665	848	0.80 [0.90, 1.11]
Cumulative exposure > 18 months	1652	775	0.98 [0.92, 1.11]
Metformin
aHR^a	88,596	9146	1.07 [0.98, 1.16]
Cumulative exposure < 6 months	47,534	4943	1.10 [0.85, 1.14]
Cumulative exposure 6–12 months	23,869	2580	1.05 [0.92, 1.11]
Cumulative exposure 12–18 months	8713	848	0.97 [0.90, 1.12]
Cumulative exposure > 18 months	8480	775	1.16 [0.87, 1.13]

Primary composite outcome includes myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, coronary artery bypass, coronary angioplasty, heart failure, stroke, inpatient death.
^aPropensity score weighting and demographics, comorbidities, and concomitant medications as regressors and stratifiers.
Bold values indicate statistically significant results.

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