Figure 1
The cancerous characteristics of SK-Hep1 cells were inhibited by ADQ treatment. (A) Chemical structure of ADQ. (B) The wound was created using SPL Scratcher, and then the cells were incubated with ADQ or emodin (E; 20 μM; positive control) in 1% FBS media. Microscopic images were captured at 0 and 24 h. The wound closure values were quantified by measuring the percent of wound size compared to the 0 h point of each sample (0%), and the relative wound closure is shown as a bar graph. (C) SK‑Hep1 cells were treated with ADQ or emodin (E; 20 μM; positive control) in 1% FBS medium. After incubation for 21 h, cells invading the lower surface of the chambers were fixed and stained. (D) SK-Hep1 cells were incubated with ADQ or emodin (E; 20 μM; positive control) for 24 h in serum-free medium. The culture media were collected and analyzed by gelatin zymography. Fold values were calculated relative to the ADQ-untreated control. SFM, serum-free media (a negative control). (E) The gelatinase/collagenase activity of cells treated with ADQ was accessed using EnzChek Gelatinase/Collagenase Assay Kit. (F) SK-Hep1 cells were seeded with 0.3% low-melting agarose and were incubated with ADQ or emodin (E; 40 μM; positive control). After incubation for 14 days, the colonies were stained with 0.5% crystal violet, and images were taken. Data are representative of three experiments and expressed as the means ± SEM. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Holm-Ĺ Ădák's post hoc test; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 relative to the ADQ-untreated control.
