Figure 1

Study design and enrollment. Panel (A) Study design and assessments. From all enrolled subjects, baseline samples (stool and urine) were obtained at time 0. H. pylori-positive subjects received antibiotics for 2 weeks while H. pylori-negative subjects were followed as controls. Follow-up collections were performed at weeks 6, 12, and 24. Urine was collected after fasting (Pre-meal), and for 3 h following a standard meal (Post-meal). Stool samples were tested for O. formigenes using PCR and qPCR and underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Urine was tested for multiple analytes. Panel created by BioRender software (www.biorender.com. Panel (B) Enrollment. Of 139 subjects screened for participation, 87 completed the screening, and 69 subjects underwent baseline assessment. 19 H.pylori-positive subjects were treated with antibiotics ,whereas 46 H.pylori-negative subjects served as controls. Panel created by Lucidchart software (www.lucidchart.com).