Figure 2
The three-cycle Venn diagram (the upper of the diagram) identifies several overlapping urinary metabolites from each data set, children with both NE and ADHD or anxiety versus health controls (HC), bedwetting children without ADHD or anxiety versus HC, and children with NE versus HC, respectively. As a result, nine urinary metabolites of interest are associated with childhood NE. Furthermore, eight characteristic urinary metabolites statistically link to co-occurrence of neurobehavioral problems in children with NE. The KEGG database is applied for functional metabolic pathway analysis (the bottom of the diagram), demonstrating urinary betaine, creatine and guanidinoacetate involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism (p = 0.0005 and FDR = 0.039) may have an influential role to play in children affected by these two disorders.
