Figure 4

Comparison of simulated and measured J–V curves. We simulated a set of J–V curves corresponding to large defect-density variations that span four orders of magnitude. Simulations agreement of simulation results with experimental J–V curves measured in the dark, and at weak (0.01 sun), medium (0.28 sun), and strong (1 sun) illumination conditions appear only with defect density of \(5 \times 10^{12} {\text{ cm}}^{ - 3}\).