Figure 6
From: Late Pleistocene human paleoecology in the highland savanna ecosystem of mainland Southeast Asia
Trends of ecosystems over a time period of the terminal Pleistocene (34–12 ka) based on percentages of C3 browsers (forests/woodlands), C3–C4 mixed feeders (intermediate landscapes between closed and open canopies), and C4 grazers (grasslands) through the stratigraphic sequence of Tham Rod Rockshelter, in comparison with freshwater bivalve δ18O data (black dot) collected from the same stratigraphic section (west profile)28, with speleothem δ18O records data using 1000-year averages from mainland Southeast Asia including eastern coastal Bay of Bengal and Mawmluh (red line), central Myanmar (pink line), and southeastern Yunnan (purple line)66,67,68, and with sea-level fluctuations (sky blue)69. Available dietary information for all mammalian taxa from TLR was distinguished based on the carbon isotope data with the cut-off δ13C values lower than − 10‰ for a pure C3 diet, between − 10‰ and − 2‰ for a mixed C3/C4 diet, and higher than − 2‰ for a pure C4 diet34,40,41. High-resolution chronological data of the TLR sequence follow radiobarbon dates on freshwater bivalves collected from each stratigraphic layer28.
