Figure 1

Identifiability signature of Example 1: small benchmark model (\(M_1\)). (Top) Singular values: For \(x_2(0) = 0\) and \(y = x_1\), the rank deficiency of the sensitivity matrix is indicated by a distinct gap between the second and third singular values. This suggests that this model is structurally unidentifiable and that there is a single set of totally correlated parameters. (Bottom) Elements of the singular vector related to the zero valued singular value. The nonzero components indicate that parameters \(p_2\) and \(p_3\) are structurally unidentifiable.