Table 6 Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on oral microorganisms during pregnancy.
From: Oral microflora and pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Author (year) | Country, study design | Groups (no. of subjects) | Sample source | Measurement interval | Microorganisms evaluated | Microbial detection methods | Study findings | Quality assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dasanayake et al. (2008)82 | USA, Nested case–control | Predominately Hispanic Pregnant women (262) With GDM (22) Without GDM (240) | Subgingival plaque, blood, cervico-vaginal samples | 18.2–3.4 weeks GA | C. rectus, F. nucleatum ssp., Nucleatum, T. forsythia, P. gingivalis, T. denticola | PCR | The level of evaluated microorganisms from subgingival plaque had no difference between GDM and non-GDM groups (p > 0.05) | Fair |
Ganiger et al. (2019)83 | India, case–control | Pregnant women (60) With GDM (124) Without GDM (325) | Subgingival plaque | During pregnancy | P. gingivalis, P. intermedia | PCR | P. gingivalis were more frequently detected among women with GDM group (80%) than those ones without GDM (40%) (p < 0.05) | Fair |
Yao et al. (2019)84 | China, case–control | Pregnant women (449) With GDM (124) Without GDM (325) | Supragingival and subgingival plaque | 14–28 weeks GA | Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Tuberculosis bacilli, black-pigmented bacteria, Capnocytophagia, Actinomycetes, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa K. pneumoniae, A. actinomycetemcomitans, C. albicans | Culturing | No detection difference between GDM and non-GND groups: streptococci, lactobacilli, actinomycetes, E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (p > 0.05) Higher detection in GDM group: Tuberculosis bacilli (p = 0.000), Black-pigmented bacteria (p = 0.026), and Capnocytophaga (p = 0.030) The total number of oral anaerobic bacteria (p = 0.000), tuberculosis bacilli (p = 0.000), Black-pigmented bacteria (p = 0.007), Capnocytophaga (p = 0.000), and Actinomycetes (p = 0.000) was more among GDM group | Fair |
Crusell et al. (2020)85 | Denmark, prospective cohort | Pregnant women (211) With GDM (50) Without GDM (161) | Unstimulated saliva | T1: 27–33 weeks GA T2: 9 months postpartum | Multiple taxa | 16S rDNA sequencing | Shannon’s diversity and Pielou’s evenness decreased from pregnancy to postpartum, regardless of GDM status (p = 0.0008, p = 0.001, p = 0.007 respectively) During pregnancy (T1), no difference in richness, overall diversity or evenness between GDM and non-GDM women | Fair |
Xu et al. (2020)96 | China, Case–control | Pregnant women (60) With GDM (30) Without GDM (30) | Saliva and fecal sample | 3rd trimester | Multiple taxa | 16S rDNA sequencing | The GDM cases showed lower α-diversity, increased Selenomonas and Bifidobacterium, an decreased Fusobacteria and Leptotrichia in oral microbiota | Fair |
Li et al. (2021)87 | China, case–control | Pregnant women (111) With GDM (42) Without GDM (69) | Saliva and plaque | 3rd trimester | Multiple taxa | 16S rDNA sequencing | Certain bacteria (e.g. combination of Lautropia and Neisseria in dental plaque and Streptococcus in saliva) in either saliva or dental plaque can effectively distinguish women with GDM from healthy pregnant women | Good |
