Figure 1

Relationships among mean spring temperature or precipitation during the local breeding season, and mean flight initiation distances (FID, corrected for the effects of species, site, year, latitude, body mass and diet) according to habitat (filled dots, continuous line: urban; open dots, dashed line: rural). Standardized regression coefficents (β/SE) and their p values are also given. Significant effects (p < 0.05) are in bold.