Table 1 Parental care traits in dendrobatid species considered to be aposematic. The symbol “–” denotes unknown data.

From: Aposematism facilitates the diversification of parental care strategies in poison frogs

Trait

Dendrobates sensu lato

   

Adelphobates

Andinobates

Dendrobates

Excidobates

Minyobates

Oophaga

Ranitomeya

Phyllobates

Ameerega

Epipedobates

N taxa

3

12

4

3

1

10

17

5

29

7

♂ body size (mm)

23.727 ± 8.471 (3)

15.617 ± 2.128 (11)

32.525 ± 6.408 (4)

20.695 ± 5.133 (3)

14 (1)

25.639 ± 6.05 (8)

16.09 ± 1.436 (16)

29.54 ± 8.89 (5)

24.55 ± 5.13 (25)

17.75 ± 1.71 (7)

♀ body size (mm)

26.16 ± 8.606 (3)

16.117 ± 2.344 (11)

35.975 ± 7.514 (4)

22.103 ± 5.781 (3)

16 (1)

25.759 ± 5.507 (8)

17.454 ± 1.506 (16)

32.48 ± 8.50 (5)

27.46 ± 6.03 (25)

19.05 ± 2.19 (6)

Habitat

3

10

4

3

1

9

17

5

27

7

Near streams

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Far streams

3

10

4

3

1

9

17

5

27

7

Clutch size

5.633 ± 3.925 (3)

2.425 ± 1.15 (4)

5.4 ± 1.451 (4)

8 ± (1)

6 (1)

6.43 ± 2.526 (8)

3.009 ± 1.46 (14)

15.8 ± 2.95 (5)

18.43 ± 10.18 (16)

17.75 ± 6.34 (4)

N eggs

2.4 ± (1)

3.75 ± 2.475(2)

7 ± 2.309 (4)

–

–

5.333 ± 1.538 (6)

3.464 ± 1.595 (11)

18.87 ± 7.59 (4)

18.53 ± 8.02 (7)

19.37 ± 3.73 (4)

Egg size (mm)

–

2.49 ± 0.875 (3)

3.495 ± 0.816 (4)

1.35 ± (1)

–

1.506 ± 0.403 (5)

1.783 ± 0.409 (7)

2.33 ± 0.29 (3)

2.26 ± 0.77 (9)

1.33 ± 0.09 (4)

Tadpole size (mm)

14.94 ± (1)

12.586 ± 3.871 (6)

14.096 ± 3.106 (4)

14.987 ± 4.255 (3)

11.796 (1)

10.156 ± 0.791 (6)

14.41 ± 3.032 (13)

11.41 ± 1.16 (4)

12.93 ± 1.95 (15)

10.57 ± 1.49 (6)

N tadpoles carried

1 ± 0 (3)

1.45 ± 0.369 (10)

1.75 ± 0.289 (4)

1.5 ± 0 (2)

2 (1)

1.016 ± 0.044 (8)

1.346 ± 0.718 (13)

5.87 ± 1.88 (5)

11.61 ± 6.75 (19)

8.52 ± 4.41 (7)

N taxa (Cannibalism)

1

1

4

  

3

6

 

1

1

Present

1

1

4

 

–

3

6

6

–

–

Absent

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

1

1

Caregiver (N taxa)

 

6

4

2

 

10

13

5

17

7

♂

–

6

4

2

 

–

–

5

17

7

♀

–

–

–

–

 

8

11

–

–

–

Both

–

–

–

–

 

2

2

–

–

–

None

 

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Transporter (N taxa)

3

10

4

2

1

10

14

5

19

7

♂

3

10

4

2

1

–

14

5

17

7

♀

–

–

–

–

–

8

–

–

2

–

Both

–

–

–

–

–

2

–

–

–

–

None

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Deposition site (N)

1

10

4

3

1

10

16

5

–

7

Phytotelmata

1

10

4

3

1

10

16

5

–

–

Non–phytotelmata

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

17

7

Conspicuousnessa

2.702 ± 0.219 (3)

2.452 ± 0.293 (11)

2.449 ± 0 (4)

1.966 ± 0.837 (3)

2.646 (1)

2.449 ± 0 (8)

2.525 ± 0.198 (17)

2.53 ± 0.11 (5)

2.51 ± 0.24 (26)

2.51 ± 0.54 (7)

Alkaloidsa

–

6.217 ± 0.978 (2)

7.179 ± 0.234 (3)

–

–

7.152 ± 0.222 (5)

6.909(1)

5.52 ± 0 (3)

6.91 ± 0 (4)

6.91 ± 0 (2)

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