Table 2 Parental care traits in dendrobatid species considered to be non-aposematic. The symbol “–“ corresponds to unknown data. ^aConspicuousness and alkaloids scores are described in the methods section; *These species are nidicolous. Vales are reported as mean ± SD (number of data).

N taxa

75

25

11

9

2

40

10

17

1

3

5

♂ body size (mm)

18.94 ± 3.51 (43)

18.45 ± 2.29 (17)

25.54 ± 8.33 (10)

23.81 ± 4.99 (5)

20.33 (1)

21.21 ± 3.68 (34)

20.62 ± 1.60 (5)

24.05 ± 4.77 (17)

21 (1)

31.4 ± 5.3 (2)

16.71 ± 0.84 (4)

♀ body size (mm)

19.57 ± 3.32 (42)

20.74 ± 3.43 (15)

28.87 ± 10.19 (10)

25.62 ± 3.68 (6)

23.6 ± 1.41 (2)

23.31 ± 3.99 (34)

22.12 ± 1.89 (6)

27.71 ± 5.22 (17)

23.7 (1)

35.1 (1)

18.67 ± 1.72 (5)

Habitat

42

18

10

7

–

33

5

17

1

2

5

Near from Stream

–

8

–

3

–

21

1

17

1

2

–

Far from Stream

42

8(2b)

10

4

–

12

4

–

–

–

5

Clutch size

16.63 ± 9.57 (21)

4.59 ± 1.79 (6)

–

25 (1)

–

16.28 ± 7.64 (12)

16.5 ± 3.53 (2)

18.42 ± 10.39 (4)

–

23.5 (1)

–

N eggs

16.39 ± 9.82 (13)

4 ± 1.41 (2)

–

–

–

21.01 ± 11.37 (11)

22 ± 4.24 (2)

11.44 ± 1.78 (2)

–

23.5 (1)

–

Egg size (mm)

1.69 ± 0.5 (15)

2.6 ± 0.94 (4)

1.5 (1)

1.7 ± 0.14 (2)

2.5 (1)

2.04 ± 0.56 (12)

1.29 (1)

2.21 ± 0.96 (5)

–

3.35 (1)

–

Tadpole Size (mm)

11.44 ± 4.32 (23)

16.94 ± 3.49 (7)

–

12.47 ± 0.49 (3)

–

16.06 ± 6.89 (28)

13.6 ± 0 (1)

16.29 ± 3.69 (10)

9.32 (1)

21.2 (1)

11.33 ± 1.04 (3)

N tadpoles carried

11.75 ± 6.68 (24)

3.64 ± 3.54 (7)

–

15.5 ± 9.13 (3)

–

9.45 ± 4.35 (25)

12 ± 2.82 (2)

9.43 ± 3.08 (7)

3 (1)

15.9 (1)

6.67 ± 2.02 (3)

N taxa (Cannibalism)

–

–

–

–

–

1

–

–

–

1

–

Present

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Absent

–

–

–

–

–

1

–

–

–

1

–

Caregiver (N taxa)

15

4

–

2

–

18

1

7

–

1

1

♂

12

1

–

–

–

17

1

7

–

1

1

♀

–

–

–

2

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Both

1

2

–

–

–

1

–

–

–

–

–

None

2*

1

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Transporter (N taxa)

24

10

–

4

–

25

3

8

1

1

3

♂

14

9

–

1

–

20

3

7

1

1

3

♀

2

–

–

3

–

1

–

1

–

–

–

Both

6

–

–

–

–

4

–

–

–

–

–

None

2*

1

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Tadpole Deposition

27

11

4

3

–

29

4

10

1

1

3

Phytotelmata

2*

3(2*)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Non-Phytotelmata

25

6

4

3

–

29

44

10

1

1

3

Conspicuousness^a

1.55 ± 0.45 (38)

1.41 ± 0.57 (16)

1.44 ± 0.69 (10)

1.79 ± 0.31 (7)

1.41 (1)

1.59 ± 0.46 (33)

2.09 ± 0.22 (5)

1.87 ± 0.14 (17)

1.41 (1)

1.57 ± 0.22 (2)

1.60 ± 0.17 (5)

Alkaloids^a

0 ± 0 (7)

–

0 (1)

0.15 ± 0.23 (2)

–

0 ± 0 (3)

0 (1)

–

–

–

0 (1)