Table 1 Patient clinical characteristics and data.

N (male/female)

34 (21/13)

14 (9/5)

10 (5/5)

10 (7/3)

Clinical diagnosis

Pancreatic cancer

12 (35%)

4

5

3

Cystic lesions of the pancreas

12 (35%)

6

3

3

Cholangiocarcinoma

3 (9%)

1

2

0

Tumor of the ampulla of Vater

3 (9%)

1

0

2

Hepatocellular carcinoma

1 (3%)

1

0

0

Cholangitis

1 (3%)

1

0

0

Chronic pancreatitis

1 (3%)

0

0

1

Pancreatic metastasis of renal cell carcinoma

1 (3%)

0

0

1

Operative procedure (PD/DP/total)

23/10/1

12/2/0

5/4/1

6/4/0

Preoperative anticancer agents (yes/no)

10/24

4/10

4/6

2/8

Age (years)

65 ± 11

64 ± 11

62 ± 15

68 ± 6

BMI (kg/m²)

21.6 ± 2.7

21.4 ± 3.0

20.9 ± 1.8

22.4 ± 3.1

HbA_1c (mmol/mol, %)

38 ± 7, 5.7 ± 0.6

35 ± 6, 5.3 ± 0.6

37 ± 6, 5.6 ± 0.5

45 ± 5, 6.2 ± 0.4**†

FPG (mmol/L, mg/dL)

5.4 ± 0.5, 97 ± 9

5.4 ± 0.4, 96 ± 2

5.2 ± 0.5, 93 ± 3

5.6 ± 0.6, 101 ± 3

F-CPR (nmol/L, ng/mL)

0.52 ± 0.20, 1.6 ± 0.6

0.56 ± 0.22, 1.7 ± 0.7

0.48 ± 0.15, 1.5 ± 0.5

0.49 ± 0.23, 1.5 ± 0.7

ΔC-peptide (nmol/L, ng/mL) (n = 19)

0.99 ± 0.38, 3.0 ± 1.2

1.09 ± 0.40, 3.3 ± 1.2 (n = 10)

0.98 ± 0.34, 3.0 ± 1.0

(n = 4)

0.81 ± 0.37, 2.5 ± 1.1

(n = 5)

Relative alpha-cell area (%)

0.16 ± 0.12

0.17 ± 0.09

0.16 ± 0.11

0.17 ± 0.16

Relative beta-cell area (%)

0.94 ± 0.44

1.02 ± 0.45

1.01 ± 0.40

0.76 ± 0.44

Alpha- to beta-cell area ratio

0.18 ± 0.12

0.17 ± 0.10

0.17 ± 0.12

0.19 ± 0.14

INS⁺/GCG⁺ ratio (%)

0.99 ± 1.00

0.83 ± 0.50

1.10 ± 1.48

1.08 ± 1.02