Table 3 Risk of glaucoma according to diabetes status stratified by age, smoking, drinking, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
From: Association between diabetes status and subsequent onset of glaucoma in postmenopausal women
Diabetes status | N | Glaucoma | Duration | Incidence rate* | Model | P for interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||||
Age < 65 | No diabetes | 602,698 | 13,225 | 4,990,467.84 | 2.650 | 1 (Ref.) | < .001 |
Impaired fasting glucose | 213,597 | 5152 | 1,764,649.11 | 2.920 | 1.076 (1.042,1.111) | ||
New onset diabetes | 21,325 | 586 | 174,819.21 | 3.352 | 1.228 (1.130,1.334) | ||
Diabetes treated with oral hypoglycemic medication | 58,817 | 2401 | 481,406.54 | 4.987 | 1.666 (1.594,1.741) | ||
Diabetes treated with insulin | 9705 | 544 | 76,659.99 | 7.096 | 2.357 (2.162,2.569) | ||
Age ≥ 65 | No diabetes | 264,692 | 11,039 | 2,108,196.38 | 5.236 | 1 (Ref.) | |
Impaired fasting glucose | 115,139 | 4871 | 911,200.47 | 5.346 | 1.032 (0.998,1.068) | ||
New onset diabetes | 14,114 | 601 | 109,139.19 | 5.507 | 1.085 (0.999,1.178) | ||
Diabetes treated with oral hypoglycemic medication | 60,735 | 3009 | 470,032.05 | 6.402 | 1.246 (1.197,1.298) | ||
Diabetes treated with insulin | 11,418 | 630 | 81,524.40 | 7.728 | 1.503 (1.387,1.628) | ||
Smoking | |||||||
No | No diabetes | 844,823 | 23,700 | 6,917,972.06 | 3.426 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.541 |
Impaired fasting glucose | 319,386 | 9754 | 2,601,311.44 | 3.750 | 1.058 (1.034,1.084) | ||
New onset diabetes | 34,149 | 1154 | 273,859.12 | 4.214 | 1.154 (1.087,1.224) | ||
Diabetes treated with oral hypoglycemic medication | 116,068 | 5282 | 924,409.81 | 5.714 | 1.450 (1.407,1.495) | ||
Diabetes treated with insulin | 20,476 | 1140 | 153,556.71 | 7.424 | 1.876 (1.767,1.991) | ||
Current | No diabetes | 22,567 | 564 | 180,692.17 | 3.121 | 1 (Ref.) | |
Impaired fasting glucose | 9350 | 269 | 74,538.15 | 3.609 | 1.163 (1.004,1.346) | ||
New onset diabetes | 1290 | 33 | 10,099.27 | 3.268 | 1.051 (0.739,1.494) | ||
Diabetes treated with oral hypoglycemic medication | 3484 | 128 | 27,028.77 | 4.736 | 1.369 (1.125,1.666) | ||
Diabetes treated with insulin | 647 | 34 | 4627.68 | 7.347 | 2.171 (1.533,3.075) | ||
Drinking | |||||||
No | No diabetes | 757,370 | 21,707 | 6,191,490.16 | 3.506 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.178 |
Impaired fasting glucose | 281,904 | 8856 | 2,291,470.84 | 3.865 | 1.063 (1.037,1.090) | ||
New onset diabetes | 30,436 | 1063 | 243,485.39 | 4.366 | 1.169 (1.099,1.244) | ||
Diabetes treated with oral hypoglycemic medication | 109,844 | 5005 | 872,936.23 | 5.734 | 1.443 (1.398,1.489) | ||
Diabetes treated with insulin | 19,899 | 1109 | 148,700.68 | 7.458 | 1.879 (1.768,1.996) | ||
Yes | No diabetes | 110,020 | 2557 | 907,174.07 | 2.819 | 1 (Ref.) | |
Impaired fasting glucose | 46,832 | 1167 | 384,378.74 | 3.036 | 1.042 (0.972,1.117) | ||
New onset diabetes | 5003 | 124 | 40,473.00 | 3.064 | 1.015 (0.847,1.216) | ||
Diabetes treated with oral hypoglycemic medication | 9708 | 405 | 78,502.35 | 5.159 | 1.544 (1.388,1.718) | ||
Diabetes treated with insulin | 1224 | 65 | 9483.71 | 6.854 | 2.020 (1.578,2.586) | ||
Hypertension | |||||||
No | No diabetes | 531,121 | 12,784 | 4,375,071.01 | 2.922 | 1 (Ref.) | < .001 |
Impaired fasting glucose | 161,440 | 4233 | 1,324,433.19 | 3.196 | 1.075 (1.038,1.113) | ||
New onset diabetes | 14,205 | 383 | 115,159.74 | 3.326 | 1.078 (0.973,1.193) | ||
Diabetes treated with oral hypoglycemic medication | 33,921 | 1436 | 274,310.38 | 5.235 | 1.552 (1.469,1.640) | ||
Diabetes treated with insulin | 4982 | 256 | 38,665.23 | 6.621 | 1.951 (1.724,2.208) | ||
Yes | No diabetes | 336,269 | 11,480 | 2,723,593.22 | 4.215 | 1 (Ref.) | |
Impaired fasting glucose | 167,296 | 5790 | 1,351,416.39 | 4.284 | 1.020 (0.988,1.052) | ||
New onset diabetes | 21,234 | 804 | 168,798.65 | 4.763 | 1.139 (1.061,1.224) | ||
Diabetes treated with oral hypoglycemic medication | 85,631 | 3974 | 677,128.21 | 5.869 | 1.346 (1.298,1.396) | ||
Diabetes treated with insulin | 16,141 | 918 | 119,519.16 | 7.681 | 1.761 (1.646,1.884) | ||
Dyslipidemia | |||||||
No | No diabetes | 618,500 | 16,446 | 5,063,804.87 | 3.248 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.076 |
Impaired fasting glucose | 202,245 | 5821 | 1,645,528.60 | 3.537 | 1.053 (1.022,1.085) | ||
New onset diabetes | 19,728 | 643 | 157,626.60 | 4.079 | 1.163 (1.075,1.259) | ||
Diabetes treated with oral hypoglycemic medication | 54,642 | 2436 | 432,544.56 | 5.632 | 1.464 (1.402,1.529) | ||
Diabetes treated with insulin | 8461 | 463 | 62,460.74 | 7.413 | 1.930 (1.759,2.117) | ||
Yes | No diabetes | 248,890 | 7818 | 2,034,859.36 | 3.842 | 1 (Ref.) | |
Impaired fasting glucose | 126,491 | 4202 | 1,030,320.98 | 4.078 | 1.044 (1.006,1.084) | ||
New onset diabetes | 15,711 | 544 | 126,331.79 | 4.306 | 1.096 (1.005,1.196) | ||
Diabetes treated with oral hypoglycemic medication | 64,910 | 2974 | 518,894.02 | 5.731 | 1.368 (1.310,1.428) | ||
Diabetes treated with insulin | 12,662 | 711 | 95,723.65 | 7.428 | 1.751 (1.621,1.891) | ||
* | per 1000 | ||||||
Model | Adjusted for age, income, smoking, drinking, exercise, body mass index, and reproductive factors including parity, breastfeeding, oral contraceptive use, age at menarche, age at menopause, and hormone replacement therapy | ||||||
