Table 3 Temporal forest fragmentation (area in km2). Change percentage represented by ‘a’ means the highly inflated figure due to very small denominator. 

From: Tracking forest loss and fragmentation between 1930 and 2020 in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) range in Nepal

Fragmentation class

1930

1975

2000

2020

Change 1930–1975

% Change (1930–1975)

Change 1975–2000

% Change (1975–2000)

Change 2000–2020

% Change (2000–2020)

Change 1930–2020

% Change (1930–2020)

% Change (1975–2020)

Patch

0.16

157.11

165.69

210.85

156.95

a

8.58

5.46

45.16

27.26

210.7

a

34.21

Edge

1086.55

2825.61

2910.84

3279.62

1739.06

160.05

85.23

3.02

368.78

12.67

2193.07

201.84

16.07

Perforated

0.67

1876.53

1430.23

1693.21

1875.86

a

− 446.3

− 23.78

262.97

18.39

1692.54

a

− 9.77

Core1

42.18

422.32

474.32

509.25

380.14

901.23

52

12.31

34.93

7.36

467.07

1107.33

20.58

Core2

49.34

157.51

182.84

207.65

108.17

219.23

25.34

16.08

24.81

13.57

158.31

320.86

31.83

Core3

23,136.67

15,881.84

14,889.4

13,168.56

− 7254.83

− 31.36

− 992.44

− 6.25

− 1720.84

− 11.56

− 9968.11

− 43.08

− 17.08

Total

24,315.56

21,320.92

20,053.32

19,069.14

− 2994.64

− 12.32

− 1267.6

− 5.95

− 984.19

− 4.91

− 5246.42

− 21.58

− 10.56

  1. aThe estimate is not reliable as forest cover within these categories were very small in 1930.