Table 3 Summary of lags determined between Twitter query counts5 time series and PHE death numbers7 between February 1st - August 19th 2020. A positive lag of x days indicates that the Twitter query time series precedes the PHE deaths by x number of days.

From: Evaluation of Twitter data for an emerging crisis: an application to the first wave of COVID-19 in the UK

Base twitter API query

Lag (days)

London

Manchester

Liverpool

Birmingham

Leicester

(# Covid OR #coronavirus) and (covid OR coronavirus)

6

22

21

17

17

Cough OR #cough

20

27

23

20

20

Fever OR #fever

11

22

19

15

21

Symptom OR #symptom

8

22

21

17

18

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