Table 1 Characteristics of the male study participants of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) study.

N^b

2385 (100.0%)

Age^a years

59.7 (± 7.8)

Education^b [10]

 ≤ 10 years

120 (5.1%)

11–13 years

1,135 (47.8%)

14–17 years

796 (33.5%)

 ≥ 18 years

324 (13.6%)

PCa^b

Prevalent at baseline

39 (1.64%)

Incident

143 (6.00%)

MGUS^b

157 (6.58%)

Prevalent at baseline

98 (4.1%)

Incident

59 (2.5%)

Multiple myeloma^b (incident)

11 (0.46%)

Body mass index (kg/m²)^a [12]

28.2 (± 4.0)

Physical activity (MET-hours/week)^c [39]

35.0 (15.7–66.0)

Smoking^b [5]

Never smoker

665 (27.9%)

Past smoker

1,104 (46.4%)

Current smoker

611 (25.7%)

Alcohol (g/week)^c [42]

46.3 (6.9–118.6)

Diabetes mellitus^b

473 (19.8%)

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)^a [8]

224.7 (± 38.3)

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)^a [16]

145.1 (± 35.5)

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)^a [10]

51.0 (± 14.4)

Statin intake^b [171]

289 (13.1%)

High milk consumption^b [126]

655 (29.0%)

High yoghurt/quark consumption^b [104]

983 (43.1%)

High cheese consumption^b [84]

1,140 (49.5%)

High fruits consumption^b [41]

1,428 (60.9%)

High vegetable consumption^b

Raw [42]

588 (25.1%)

Cooked [40]

705 (30.1%)

High fish consumption^b [43]

820 (35.0%)

PCa in first degree relevants (family history)

69 (2.9%)