Figure 1

Plan view of the locations of the five temperature profile buoy stations (red stars), thirty-six XBT stations (triangles), and twenty-one shipboard CTD stations (circles). The differences in the deployment times of the XBT and shipboard CTD observations are distinguished by different colors. The red box indicates the location of the target region. The topography is indicated by shading. The bottom-right insert shows the model area, in which the write box indicates the position of the study area and the red lines indicate the section locations used for vertical thermal structure validation. Figures are plotted using MATLAB R2017a (http://www.mathworks.com/) with M_Map v1.4 (a mapping package, http://www.eos.ubc.ca/~rich/map.html).