Figure 1

Flowchart of participant selection. Between April 2008 and December 2016, 19,950 participants underwent health checkups at Kumiai Kosei Hospital, of which 15,426 participants who underwent medical checkups at least twice were included in the study. Patients with chronic kidney disease at the time of the first visit (n = 2332) and those with a history of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or liver disease (n = 1,046) were excluded, resulting in a total of 12,048 participants. Finally, 11,175 participants with sufficient information in the alcohol questionnaires were included in the analysis.