Table 2 Result of the Cox proportional hazards model for the association between alcohol consumption and CKD development.

Amount of alcohol consumption	Incidence rate (per 1000 PY)	Age and sex adjusted model 1				Multivariate model 2^a
Amount of alcohol consumption	Incidence rate (per 1000 PY)	HR	95% CI	P value	P trend^b	HR	95% CI	P value	P trend^b
CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² and/or proteinuria)
Infrequent	16.2	Ref			0.32	Ref			0.18
< 20 g/day	16.6	0.81	0.69–0.95	0.01		0.81	0.69–0.95	0.01
20–39 g/day	21.4	0.82	0.66–1.02	0.07		0.81	0.65–1.00	0.05
≥ 40 g/day	27.2	1.01	0.79–1.30	0.91		0.96	0.74–1.23	0.74
eGFR decline to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m²
Infrequent	7.9	Ref			0.32	Ref			0.56
< 20 g/day	6.5	0.90	0.70–1.15	0.39		0.88	0.69–1.12	0.31
20–39 g/day	6.4	0.96	0.65–1.41	0.84		0.92	0.62–1.34	0.65
≥ 40 g/day	9.3	1.55	1.01–2.36	0.04		1.4	0.91–2.14	0.12
New-onset of proteinuria
Infrequent	9	Ref			0.036	Ref			0.034
< 20 g/day	10.2	0.72	0.58–0.88	0.001		0.73	0.60–0.90	0.003
20–39 g/day	15	0.72	0.56–0.93	0.01		0.73	0.56–0.94	0.02
≥ 40 g/day	19.2	0.84	0.63–1.13	0.25		0.82	0.61–1.11	0.21

Outcomes were CKD (composite outcome of eGFR decline and/or new-onset of proteinuria) and eGFR decline and new-onset of proteinuria, respectively.
CKD chronic kidney disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, PY person-years.
^aMultivariable adjustment included age, sex, eGFR, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyper lipidemia, body mass index, smoking status.
^bP trend was derived from Cox proportional hazards regression models by treating alcohol consumption as a continuous linear term.

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