Table 2 Modified static postural stability, conventional static postural stability, dynamic postural stability, and muscle endurance in patients with CAI and healthy controls.

From: Reliability and usefulness of the single leg heel raise balance test in patients with chronic ankle instability

 

Affected ankles

Unaffected ankles

CAI group

Healthy control group

p-value

CAI group

Healthy control group

p-value

Modified static postural stability, mean (SD)

2.7 (0.9)

1.7 (0.4)

0.000a

1.6 (0.5)

1.6 (0.5)

0.857

MD, (95% CI)

1.0, (0.6, 1.3)

0, (−0.2, 0.3)

Cohen’s d

1.43

0

Conventional static postural stability, mean (SD)

1.2 (0.3)

1.0 (0.4)

0.607

1.1 (0.4)

1.0 (0.4)

0.113

MD, (95% CI)

0.2, (0, 0.3)

0.1, (−0.1, 0.3)

Cohen’s d

0.56

0.25

Dynamic postural stability, mean (SD)

2.8 (1.4)

1.3 (0.7)

0.000a

1.4 (0.5)

1.2 (0.5)

0.168

MD, (95% CI)

1.5, (0.9, 2.1)

0.2, (0, 0.5)

Cohen’s d

1.35

.39

Dorsiflexion endurance, mean (SD)

93 (49.3)

110 (41.3)

0.198

99 (37)

115 (28.3)

0.086

MD, (95% CI)

−17, (−41.8, 8.9)

−16, (−34.3, 2.4)

Cohen’s d

−0.37

−0.48

Plantarflexion endurance, mean (SD)

235 (68.1)

280 (71)

0.023a

279 (134)

291 (80)

0.994

MD, (95% CI)

−45, (−83.9, −6.4)

−2, (−61.9, 61.4)

Cohen’s d

−0.64

−0.10

  1. Bold means statistically significant between groups.
  2. Postural stability (degree) and muscle endurance (J) are expressed as mean ± standard deviation at 120°/s.
  3. CAI chronic ankle instability,; MD mean difference,; CI confidence interval,; SD standard deviation.
  4. aStatistically significant.