Table 2 Univariate predictors for the 5-year follow-up.

From: Ventricular longitudinal shortening is an independent predictor of death in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction

Univariate predictors for HFrEF

Variable

Cardiovascular death

All-cause death

HR (95% CI)

p value

HR (95% CI)

p value

Age, per 1 year

1.05 (1.02–1.09)

0.001

1.04 (1.02–1.08)

0.001

Sex, Male

1.64 (0.69–3.91)

0.26

1.88 (0.89–3.96)

0.96

BMI, per 1 kg/m2

0.93 (0.86–1.01)

0.08

0.93 (0.87–0.99)

0.03

Diabetes

2.39 (1.13–5.02)

0.02

3.05 (1.71–5.45)

< 0.001

NYHA

1.54 (0.99–2.39)

0.06

1.57 (1.07–2.31)

0.02

NT-proBNP, per 1000 ng/l

1.17 (1.05–1.30)

0.004

1.17 (1.10–1.25)

< 0.001

eGFR, per 10 ml/min/1.73 m2

0.81 (0.68–0.97)

0.02

0.79 (0.69–0.92)

0.002

Smoking

0.91 (0.35–2.39)

0.85

0.86 (0.39–1.94)

0.72

Hypertension

0.25 (0.08–0.82)

0.02

0.66 (0.33–1.33)

0.24

Etiology, ICM

2.59 (1.23–5.45)

0.01

2.26 (1.26–4.05)

0.006

LGE presence

2.89 (1.03–8.12)

0.04

2.43 (1.11–5.35)

0.03

Left atrial volume, per 10 ml

1.04 (0.98–1.11)

0.23

1.02 (0.97–1.08)

0.51

EF, per 1%

1.06 (1.02–1.11)

0.002

1.04 (1.003–1.07)

0.03

EDVi, per 10 ml/m2

1.06 (1.01–1.13)

0.04

1.03 (0.97–1.09)

0.27

Mean AVPD, per 1 mm

1.30 (1.13–1.49)

< 0.001

1.21 (1.09–1.36)

0.001

GLS, per 1%

1.19 (1.07–1.33)

0.002

1.14 (1.04–1.25)

0.004

TAPSE, per 1 mm

1.09 (1.03–1.14)

0.001

1.09 (1.04–1.13)

< 0.001

  1. Bold text indicates statistical significance.
  2. HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index, NYHA New York Heart Association, BNP brain natriuretic peptide, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ICM ischemic cardiomyopathy, LGE late gadolinium enhancement, EF ejection fraction, EDVi end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area, AVPD atrioventricular plane displacement, GLS global longitudinal strain, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
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