Table 4 Demographics and characteristics among severe knowlesi malaria infections.

From: A comparison of the clinical, laboratory and epidemiological features of two divergent subpopulations of Plasmodium knowlesi

 

All patients (N = 44)

Patients with cluster 1 infections (N = 35)

Patients with cluster 2 infections (N = 8)

p value

Male

16 (36.4)

12 (35.3)

3 (37.5)

1.000

Age (years)

54.3 (± 16.6)

55.3 (± 16.9)

51.9 (± 16.4)

0.410

Duration of illness (days)

4 [3–7]

3 [3–7]

6 [5–7]

0.170

Haemoglobin (g/dL)

11.6 [10.4–13]

11.9 [10.9–13]

10.5 [9.8–12]

0.121

Platelet count (× 103/µL)

31 [19–51]

32 [16–50]

27 [20–51]

0.988

Parasite count (parasites/µL)

58,920 [19,649–139,643]

49,298 [7656–111916]

115,481 [36,568–220,831]

0.126

Parasite count range (parasites/µL)

243–293,290

243–293,290

25,997–252,532

–

Geometric mean of parasite count (parasites/µL)

31,888 (± 7)

24,052 (± 8)

89,322(± 3)

0.098

Parasite count > 100,000 (parasites/µL)

17 (38.6)

12 (34.3)

4 (50)

0.443

WHO-defined severe criteria

ARDS

14 (31.8)

10 (28.6)

3 (37.5)

0.681

Hyperparasitaemia

17 (38.6)

12 (34.3)

4 (50)

0.443

Hypotension

6 (13.6)

5 (14.3)

1 (12.5)

1.000

Acute kidney injury

20 (45.5)

16 (45.7)

3 (37.5)

1.000

Jaundice

18 (40.9)

13 (37.1)

4 (50.0)

0.692

Acidosis

12 (27.3)

10 (28.6)

2 (25)

1.000

Severe anaemia

8 (18.2)

5 (14.3)

3 (37.5)

0.153

Abnormal bleeding

1 (2.3)

1 (2.9)

0

1.000

Hypoglycaemia

0

0

0

–

Cerebral malaria

0

0

0

–

  1. Data are presented as no. (%), mean (± SD) and median [IQR] unless otherwise stated. One severe case had mixed infection with cluster 1 and cluster 2. p value is between cluster 1 and cluster 2. Hyperparasitaemia is defined as > 100,000 parasites/μL; severe anaemia—haemoglobin level < 7 g/dL; hypotension—systolic blood pressure < 80 mmHg; acute kidney injury—serum creatinine > 265 μmol/l or blood urea > 20 mmol/l; jaundice—serum bilirubin > 50 μmol/l with parasite count > 20,000/μl; hypoglycaemia—serum glucose < 2.2 mmol/l; acidosis—base deficit > 8 meq/l or plasma bicarbonate < 15 mmol/l or venous plasma lactate ≥ 5 mmol/l; ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)—respiratory rate > 30 breaths/minute plus oxygen saturation < 92% on air and/or pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograph; cerebral malaria (unarousable coma). Abnormal bleeding involved splenic bleeding.
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