Figure 1

Experimental design and regions of interest. (a) In each experimental session, participants first underwent pre-TMS whole-brain resting-state (RS) fMRI scans, followed by T1-neuronavigated intermittent or continuous theta-burst stimulation (iTBS [190 s] or cTBS [40 s]) applied to an individually-defined DLPFC target outside the scanner (mean time between start RS pre and start TBS: 54.49 min, range 43-77 min). Directly following stimulation, participants were placed in the MR scanner where they were trained on the motor task (sequential [SEQ, indicated by solid lines] or random [RND, indicated by dashed lines] versions of the serial reaction time task) while BOLD images were acquired (mean delay between start TBS and start task: 15.71 min, range 12-22 min; mean duration of the task training: 11.5 min, range 9.33-13.43 min). After task completion, post-stimulation/task RS data were acquired (mean time between start TBS and start RS post: 32.49 min, range 28-37 min). The order of the four experimental conditions in this within-subject design [cTBS/SEQ (cSEQ), cTBS/RND (cRND), iTBS/SEQ (iSEQ), iTBS/RND (iRND)] was counterbalanced across participants. (b) Regions of interest (ROIs) for multivoxel correlation structure analyses. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) ROI consisted of a 10-mm-radius sphere centered around the individual TMS targets. The deeper ROIs were delineated using FSL FIRST and the Oxford-GSK-Imanova Striatal Connectivity Atlas. TMS - transcranial magnetic stimulation.