Figure 3
From: Accuracy of vascular tortuosity measures using computational modelling
Sample representation of analyzed tortuosity metrics. Top left, the tortuosity index is the ratio of the length of the centerline (L) to the chord between its ends (C). The metrics used to calculate tortuosity index represented here through the centerline of the vessels because of curvature measures. The absolute-curvature is the normalized mean of the curvature moduli over the centerline, while the RMS curvature penalizes larger values of curvature. The average squared-derivative-curvature rises when there is a sudden change in curvature.
