Table 1 Baseline clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of knee OA study participants.
Variables | Knee OA subjects (N = 66) |
|---|---|
Demographics | |
Age (range) | 68.90 ± 9.53 (52–92) |
Gender (%) | |
Female | 61 (92.42) |
Male | 5 (7.58) |
Ethnicity | |
White | 44 (66.67) |
Black | 6 (9.09) |
Mixed | 11 (16.67) |
Asian | 5 (7.58) |
Education level (%) | |
Illiterate | 1 (1.52) |
Elementary | 25 (37.88) |
High-school | 20 (30.30) |
Superior | 20 (30.30) |
Weight (kg) | 78.62 ± 13.03 |
Height (m) | 1.56 ± 0.08 |
BMI | 31.88 ± 4.65 |
Clinical assessments | |
Bilateral knee OA (%) | 64 (96.97) |
Time of ongoing pain (months) | 97.39 ± 103.89 |
Total knee arthroplasty (%) | |
Right | 1 (1.52) |
Left | 2 (3.03) |
Pain—visual analogue scale | |
Right | 5.96 ± 2.72 |
Left | 5.35 ± 2.76 |
Average | 5.65 ± 1.83 |
WOMAC total score | 51.26 ± 19.01 |
WOMAC pain | 11.03 ± 3.92 |
WOMAC stiffness | 4.64 ± 1.92 |
WOMAC physical function | 35.58 ± 14.34 |
Kellgren–Lawrence classification | |
Right (%) | |
1 | 17 (26.15) |
2 | 15 (23.08) |
3 | 11 (16.92) |
4 | 22 (33.85) |
Mean (SD) | 2.58 ± 1.21 |
Left | |
1 | 21 (32.81) |
2 | 15 (23.44) |
3 | 12 (18.75) |
4 | 16 (25) |
Mean (SD) | 2.36 ± 1.19 |
Average between right and left | 2.50 ± 1.15 |
Pain Catastrophizing Scale | 14.18 ± 10.98 |
HAM-L Scale | 9.36 ± 5.60 |
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | |
Anxiety | 5.68 ± 3.93 |
Depression | 4.46 ± 3.56 |
Montreal Cognitive Assessment | 20.67 ± 5.05 |
Epworth sleepiness scale | 11.00 ± 6.19 |
Quality of life (sf-36)—total score | 52.47 ± 20.40 |
Quantitative sensory testing | |
Pain pressure threshold | |
Upper limb | |
Right | 5.36 ± 1.96 |
Left | 5.18 ± 2.06 |
Average | 5.27 ± 1.95 |
Knee | |
Right | 4.39 ± 2.55 |
Left | 4.39 ± 2.37 |
Average | 4.39 ± 2.42 |
Conditioned pain modulation | |
Right | 1.22 ± 1.18 |
Left | 1.01 ± 1.21 |
Average | 1.16 ± 1.04 |
Average (% of change from baseline) | 22.48 ± 22.29 |
Transcranial magnetic stimulation | |
Motor threshold | |
Right | 51.94 ± 11.10 |
Left | 50.30 ± 10.58 |
Average | 51.12 ± 9.86 |
Motor evoked potential | |
Right | 1.64 ± 1.08 |
Left | 1.72 ± 1.44 |
Average | 1.68 ± 1.02 |
Cortico-silent period | |
Right | 93.20 ± 35.51 |
Left | 82.32 ± 32.54 |
Average | 87.76 ± 31.64 |
Short intracortical inhibition | |
Right | 0.46 ± 0.32 |
Left | 0.47 ± 0.31 |
Average | 0.47 ± 0.26 |
Intracortical facilitation | |
Right | 1.59 ± 0.71 |
Left | 1.63 ± 0.82 |
Average | 1.61 ± 0.60 |
