Table 3 Hazard ratios (95% CI) for development of hepatic steatosis with intermediate-to-high probability of advanced fibrosis based on fibrosis-4 score and NAFLD fibrosis score by heart rate variability.

From: Low heart rate variability from 10-s electrocardiograms is associated with development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Quintiles of heart rate variability

For development of HS with intermediate-to-high probability of advanced fibrosis based on fibrosis-4 score

For development of HS with intermediate-to-high probability of advanced fibrosis based on NAFLD fibrosis score

Incidence density (/103 PY)

Multivariable-adjusted HRa (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)b in a model with time-dependent variables

Incidence density (/103 PY)

Multivariable-adjusted HRa (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)b in a model with time-dependent variables

SDNN quintiles

Q1

2.9

1.16 (0.96–1.41)

1.51 (1.21–1.88)

4.7

1.41 (1.21–1.65)

1.56 (1.31–1.85)

Q2

2.2

1.22 (1.01–1.48)

1.45 (1.15–1.82)

3.0

1.20 (1.02–1.42)

1.36 (1.13–1.63)

Q3

1.7

1.08 (0.88–1.32)

1.40 (1.11–1.77)

2.4

1.09 (0.92–1.29)

1.26 (1.05–1.52)

Q4

1.4

1.02 (0.83–1.25)

1.36 (1.06–1.73)

2.0

1.02 (0.86–1.22)

1.14 (0.94–1.39)

Q5

1.2

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.8

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

P for trend

 

0.03

0.001

 

< 0.001

< 0.001

RMSSD quintiles

Q1

3.2

1.34 (1.10–1.64)

1.70 (1.35–2.15)

4.9

1.50 (1.27–1.77)

1.67 (1.39–2.00)

Q2

2.2

1.28 (1.04–1.57)

1.47 (1.16–1.88)

3.0

1.26 (1.06–1.49)

1.37 (1.14–1.66)

Q3

1.8

1.23 (1.00–1.52)

1.36 (1.06–1.75)

2.6

1.25 (1.05–1.49)

1.25 (1.03–1.53)

Q4

1.3

1.00 (0.80–1.25)

1.30 (1.00–1.70)

1.9

1.08 (0.90–1.30)

1.21 (0.98–1.49)

Q5

1.1

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.5

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

P for trend

 

< 0.001

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

< 0.001

  1. aEstimated from parametric proportional hazard models. The multivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, study centre, year of screening examination, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, depressive symptoms, sleep duration, education level, total energy intake, and systolic blood pressure.
  2. bEstimated from parametric proportional hazard models with quintiles of each heart rate variability (SDNN, RMSSD), smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, depressive symptoms, sleep duration, total energy intake and systolic blood pressure as time-dependent categorical variables; and baseline age, sex, centre, year of screening exam, and education level as time-fixed variables.
  3. CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, HS hepatic steatosis, PY person-year, RMSSD root mean square of successive differences in RR intervals, SDNN standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals.
Back to article page