Table 4 Results of subgroup-analyses of dietary Ca intake in relation to T2DM/hyperglycemia in cross-sectional studies.
No. of effect sizes | OR (95% CI) | P within1 | I2 (%) | P between2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 11 | 0.88 (0.73, 1.06) | 0.00 | 69.5 | |
Representativeness of population | 0.25 | ||||
Representative | 7 | 0.93 (0.77, 1.11) | 0.05 | 51.0 | |
Non-representative | 4 | 0.59 (0.25, 1.35) | < 0.001 | 84.4 | |
Questionnaire | 0.00 | ||||
FFQ | 7 | 0.92 (0.76, 1.10) | 0.01 | 61.9 | |
Recall | 3 | 1.07 (0.81, 1.43) | 0.35 | 3.7 | |
Record | 1 | 0.43 (0.28, 0.66) | - | - | |
Outcome | 0.45 | ||||
T2D | 3 | 1.07 ( 0.81, 1.43) | 0.35 | 3.7 | |
High blood glucose (HBG) | 8 | 0.83 (0.66, 1.04) | < 0.001 | 76.8 | |
Health status of participants | 0.00 | ||||
Healthy | 8 | 0.82 (0.64, 1.04) | 0.00 | 69.0 | |
Un healthy | 3 | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 0.43 | 0.0 | |
Mean age | 0.28 | ||||
< 50 | 6 | 0.82 (0.53, 1.27) | 0.00 | 70.9 | |
≥ 50 | 5 | 0.90 (0.73, 1.11) | 0.00 | 72.5 | |
Asian vs. Non-Asian counties | 0.00 | ||||
Asian | 6 | 0.79 (0.61, 1.04) | 0.00 | 74.8 | |
Non-Asian | 5 | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 0.54 | 0.0 | |
Development status of study location | 0.01 | ||||
Developed | 8 | 0.86 (0.68, 1.07) | 0.00 | 70.3 | |
Developing | 3 | 0.71 (0.23, 2.21) | 0.26 | 25.1 | |
Quality score3 | 0.23 | ||||
Low quality (Scores ≤ 7) | 3 | 0.62 (0.26, 1.50) | < 0.001 | 89.1 | |
High quality (Scores > 7) | 8 | 0.92 (0.77, 1.10) | 0.07 | 46.4 |
