Figure 1

Study Procedure and Survey Completion. All participants started on Mondays and ended on Mondays, providing 10 weekdays and 4 weekend days. All surveys were closed outside their respective time windows to prevent retrospective reports. Stress and affect survey questions were identical over time to reduce participant burden, with some additional questions (not explored in this study) at the pre-sleep survey, resulting in longer completion time. Median completion time was preferred over mean time as it was possible that participants partially attempted surveys and completed them at a later time, leading to artificially longer completion duration. Participants received hourly push notifications (an average of 4 prompts), with backup SMS or automatic calls if surveys were not completed within time window. Surveys were completed via MetricWire mobile application on Android or iOS operating system. Participants attended a 1-h orientation session before starting the daily study, where they were trained in data collection protocol and provided with instruction manuals for completing surveys and saliva collection. *Participants who joined the study during COVID-19 restrictions were given the instructions through a recorded video and supported through teleconference platform Zoom. Subjects could reach a member of the research team by telephone if they had questions or problems during the sampling period. This period is expected to be a moderate stress period where university students are addressing daily hassles during an academic period of completing assessments or sitting for mid-semester examinations. All daily studies were timed to start during the academic semester and to avoid starting during holidays or break periods.