Figure 2

Mammal assemblage-wide metrics for human-modified and adjacent primary forest within each landscape: (a–d) rarefied total species richness in modified habitat and the adjacent primary forest, and rarefied number of primary forest species retained in modified habitat; (e–h) species abundance (number of records per 10 km walked); (i–m) species composition, represented in an ordination diagram obtained using the first two NMDS axes; and (n–q) community integrity, defined as the degree of similarity between disturbed and undisturbed habitats. Within each landscape, sampling sites are represented by dots and colour-coded according to habitat type: logged forest (blue), secondary forest (green), eucalyptus plantation (yellow), oil palm plantation (red) and adjacent primary forest (grey). As an exception, dots/triangles in (a–d) represent the rarefied number of species within each habitat type per landscape, which was obtained by further considering the number of records and corresponding sample coverage (see details in the Data Analysis).