Table 5 Total, direct, and indirect effects of overweight and adiposity on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) using a parametric method considering exposure-mediator interaction.

From: Contribution of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in developing cardiovascular disease: a population-based cohort study

Exposures

Mediators

Total effecta,b

Natural direct effect

Natural indirect effect

Multiplicative interaction (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

Overweight

Blood pressure (mmHg)

1.50 (1.29–1.90)

1.46 (1.17–1.74)

1.08 (1.05–1.12)

1 (0.99–1.07)

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.64 (1.35–1.94)

1.51 (1.24–1.82)

1.08 (1.04- 1.12)

0.93 (0.83–1.04)

Glucose (mmol/L)

1.57 (1.30–1.87)

1.53 (1.27–1.82)

1.03 (1.01–1.04)

0.95 (0.87–1.02)

Blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose

1.61 (1.30–1.94)

1.38 (1.10–1.67)

1.17 (1.12–1.22)

1 (0.99–1.007)

0.90 (0.80–1.10)

0.92 (0.85–1.01)

General obesity

Blood pressure (mmHg)

1.69 (1.36–2.07)

1.50 (1.20–1.91)

1.12 (1.05–1.19)

1 (0.99–1.00)

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.67 (1.36–2.05)

1.42 (1.15–1.78)

1.17 (1.11–1.24)

0.93 (0.83–1.04)

Glucose (mmol/L)

1.60 (1.31–1.94)

1.48 (1.21–1.79)

1.07 (1.04–1.11)

0.95 (0.87–1.02)

Blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose

1.66 (1.33–2.07)

1.20 (0.94–1.54)

1.37 (1.26–1.50)

1.08 (0.99–1.07)

0.90 (0.80–1.01)

1.02 (0.85–1.04)

Visceral adiposity

Blood pressure (mmHg)

1.59 (1.34–1.79)

1.41 (1.18–1.65)

1.07 (1.07–1.13)

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.57 (1.31–1.82)

1.42 (1.17–1.67)

1.09 (1.06–1.15)

1.02 (0.97–1.08)

Glucose (mmol/L)

1.60 (1.29–1.84)

1.51 (1.26–1.76)

1.05 (1.04–1.07)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

Blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose

1.63 (1.35–1.83)

1.22 (1.03–1.42)

1.23 (1.16–1.23)

0.98 (0.99–1.002)

0.99 (0.96–1.03)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

  1. MI body mass index; CI confidence interval; HR hazard ratio; WC waist circumference.
  2. aCompared with normal-weight participants for general adiposity and WC < 90 cm as a reference for central adiposity.
  3. bAll models were adjusted for age, gender, smoking, physical activity level, educational status, and family history of CVDs.
  4. cThe direct, indirect, and total effects were estimated for each bootstrap resampling.
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