Table 2 Associations between preconceptional paternal alcohol consumption (yes/no) and CBCL raw scores for children at 2, 4 and 6 years of age.

From: Preconceptional paternal alcohol consumption and the risk of child behavioral problems: a prospective cohort study

CBCL raw scores

All

All

Boys

Girls

Crude RR (95% CI)

Adjusted RR (95% CI)b

Adjusted RR (95% CI)c

Adjusted RR (95% CI)c

Children at 2 years of age

N = 484

N = 267

N = 217

Emotionally reactive

1.13 (0.97, 1.32)

1.13 (0.95, 1.34)

1.19 (0.93, 1.53)

1.04 (0.80, 1.34)

Anxious/depressed

1.12 (0.98, 1.28)#

1.10 (0.95, 1.27)

1.10 (0.89, 1.35)

1.14 (0.92, 1.40)

Somatic complaints

1.08 (0.95, 1.22)

1.02 (0.89, 1.17)

1.00 (0.82, 1.22)

1.08 (0.88, 1.32)

Withdrawn

1.04 (0.86, 1.27)

1.02 (0.82, 1.26)

1.05 (0.78, 1.41)

0.99 (0.72, 1.36)

Sleep problems

1.06 (0.91, 1.23)

1.07 (0.91, 1.27)

1.16 (0.92, 1.46)

1.04 (0.82, 1.32)

Attention problems

0.91 (0.78, 1.06)

0.87 (0.73, 1.03)

0.82 (0.65, 1.04)

0.95 (0.74, 1.23)

Aggressive behaviors

1.12 (1.00, 1.26)#

1.07 (0.94, 1.21)

1.10 (0.92, 1.32)

1.03 (0.84, 1.26)

Internalizing behaviors

1.10 (0.99, 1.22)#

1.07 (0.95, 1.21)

1.09 (0.92, 1.29)

1.08 (0.90, 1.28)

Externalizing behaviors

1.09 (0.97, 1.22)

1.04 (0.92, 1.18)

1.05 (0.89, 1.25)

1.02 (0.84, 1.24)

Children at 4 years of age

N = 660

N = 374

N = 286

Emotionally reactive

1.19 (1.03, 1.37)*

1.19 (1.02, 1.39)*

1.18 (0.96, 1.46)

1.17 (0.92, 1.48)

Anxious/depressed

1.19 (1.05, 1.35)*

1.23 (1.07, 1.41)*

1.15 (0.95, 1.39)

1.33 (1.09, 1.61)*

Somatic complaints

1.13 (1.01, 1.28)*

1.12 (0.98, 1.27)#

1.18 (1.00, 1.40)#

1.03 (0.84, 1.26)

Withdrawn

1.09 (0.91, 1.29)

1.03 (0.85, 1.25)

1.04 (0.80, 1.35)

1.09 (0.82, 1.46)

Sleep problems

1.14 (0.99, 1.31)#

1.21 (1.05, 1.40)*

1.20 (0.98, 1.46)#

1.25 (1.0023, 1.55)*

Attention problems

1.05 (0.92, 1.20)

1.01 (0.87, 1.16)

1.03 (0.85, 1.24)

0.97 (0.78, 1.22)

Aggressive behaviors

1.12 (1.00, 1.26)#

1.07 (0.94, 1.22)

1.15 (0.97, 1.37)

0.99 (0.81, 1.21)

Internalizing behaviors

1.16 (1.04, 1.29)*

1.16 (1.03, 1.30)*

1.16 (0.99, 1.36)#

1.16 (0.97, 1.38)

Externalizing behaviors

1.11 (0.99, 1.23)#

1.06 (0.94, 1.19)

1.13 (0.96, 1.32)

0.99 (0.82, 1.19)

Children at 6 years of age

N = 557

N = 323

N = 234

Anxious/depressed

1.21 (1.00, 1.46)*

1.28 (1.04, 1.56)*

1.13 (0.86, 1.50)

1.37 (1.02, 1.84)*

Withdrawn/depressed

0.95 (0.79, 1.14)

0.90 (0.74, 1.10)

0.83 (0.63, 1.09)

0.98 (0.73, 1.32)

Somatic complaints a

1.38 (1.07, 1.77)*

1.43 (1.09, 1.88)*

1.65 (1.14, 2.38)*

1.21 (0.79, 1.83)

Social problems

1.18 (1.01, 1.37)*

1.13 (0.96, 1.34)

1.13 (0.90, 1.40)

1.09 (0.85, 1.39)

Thought problems

1.24 (1.05, 1.45)*

1.28 (1.07, 1.53)*

1.23 (0.97, 1.55)#

1.32 (1.01, 1.73)*

Attention problemsa

1.15 (1.01, 1.31)*

1.09 (0.95, 1.25)

1.18 (0.98, 1.43)

0.96 (0.78, 1.18)

Rule-breaking behaviors

1.23 (1.06, 1.43)*

1.24 (1.05, 1.46)*

1.35 (1.09, 1.67)*

1.03 (0.77, 1.36)

Aggressive behaviors a

1.12 (0.97, 1.30)

1.08 (0.92, 1.27)

1.20 (0.98, 1.48)#

0.89 (0.68, 1.17)

Internalizing behaviors

1.14 (0.98, 1.33)#

1.16 (0.98, 1.37)#

1.08 (0.87, 1.34)

1.22 (0.94, 1.58)

Externalizing behaviors

1.16 (1.01, 1.34)*

1.14 (0.98, 1.32)#

1.24 (1.03, 1.51)*

0.95 (0.74, 1.22)

  1. CBCL Child Behavior Checklist.
  2. *Statistically significant differences (P-value < 0.05).
  3. #P-value < 0.10.
  4. aP-values of interaction item (preconceptional paternal alcohol consumption*infant sex) < 0.1
  5. bAdjusted for paternal age, paternal body mass index, paternal education, paternal smoking, maternal age, parity, maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, maternal preconception folic acid supplements, multivitamin supplements during pregnancy, gestational weeks, and sex.
  6. cAdjusted for all potential confounding variables above except sex.
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