Table 3 Associations between preconceptional paternal alcohol consumption (cumulative consumption per week) and CBCL raw scores for children at 4 and 6 years of age.

From: Preconceptional paternal alcohol consumption and the risk of child behavioral problems: a prospective cohort study

CBCL raw scores

Boys

Girls

Unexposed group

Low drinking (0–30.72 g/week)

Moderate drinking (30.72–68.48 g/week)

Highest drinking (68.48–420.80 g/week)

Unexposed group

Low drinking (0–30.72 g/week)

Moderate drinking (30.72–68.48 g/week)

Highest drinking (68.48–420.80 g/week)

Children at 4 years of age

N = 241

N = 33

N = 43

N = 35

N = 206

N = 26

N = 17

N = 24

Emotionally reactive

1 (ref)

1.36 (0.97, 1.91)

1.02 (0.74, 1.40)

1.25 (0.90, 1.74)

1 (ref)

1.07 (0.75, 1.54)

1.23 (0.80, 1.90)

1.25 (0.85, 1.85)

Anxious/depressed

1 (ref)

1.23 (0.90, 1.68)

1.15 (0.87, 1.51)

1.06 (0.78, 1.44)

1 (ref)

1.22 (0.91, 1.64)

1.40 (0.98, 1.98)

1.47 (1.07, 2.02)*

Somatic complaints

1 (ref)

1.42 (1.09, 1.84)*

1.20 (0.94, 1.54)

1.08 (0.82, 1.42)

1 (ref)

0.92 (0.67, 1.26)

1.16 (0.82, 1.65)

1.02 (0.73, 1.42)

Withdrawn

1 (ref)

1.17 (0.76, 1.78)

0.87 (0.59, 1.30)

0.96 (0.63, 1.46)

1 (ref)

0.82 (0.52, 1.29)

1.21 (0.72, 2.02)

1.28 (0.80, 2.03)

Sleep problems

1 (ref)

1.70 (1.26, 2.30)*

0.96 (0.71, 1.30)

0.93 (0.67, 1.30)

1 (ref)

1.11 (0.80, 1.53)

1.27 (0.85, 1.90)

1.46 (1.02, 2.08)*

Attention problems

1 (ref)

1.02 (0.75, 1.39)

1.03 (0.78, 1.36)

1.07 (0.80, 1.44)

1 (ref)

0.81 (0.56, 1.17)

0.82 (0.52, 1.27)

1.31 (0.93, 1.83)

Aggressive behaviors

1 (ref)

1.30 (0.98, 1.71)

1.22 (0.95, 1.56)

0.98 (0.74, 1.28)

1 (ref)

0.88 (0.64, 1.20)

1.05 (0.72, 1.53)

1.14 (0.82, 1.59)

Internalizing behaviors

1 (ref)

1.33 (1.03, 1.72)*

1.09 (0.87, 1.38)

1.10 (0.86, 1.41)

1 (ref)

1.03 (0.79, 1.35)

1.24 (0.90, 1.71)

1.25 (0.93, 1.67)

Externalizing behaviors

1 (ref)

1.25 (0.96, 1.61)

1.17 (0.92, 1.47)

1.00 (0.78, 1.29)

1 (ref)

0.86 (0.65, 1.15)

1.01 (0.72, 1.42)

1.17 (0.87, 1.59)

Children at 6 years of age

N = 217

N = 27

N = 35

N = 31

N = 169

N = 20

N = 15

N = 19

Anxious/depressed

1 (ref)

1.20 (0.76, 1.90)

1.16 (0.77, 1.77)

1.18 (0.76, 1.83)

1 (ref)

1.90 (1.27, 2.86)*

0.87 (0.50, 1.52)

1.39 (0.86, 2.26)

Withdrawn/depressed

1 (ref)

0.72 (0.44, 1.16)

0.89 (0.59, 1.34)

0.70 (0.45, 1.09)

1 (ref)

1.17 (0.76, 1.80)

0.74 (0.42, 1.31)

0.98 (0.60, 1.59)

Somatic complaints

1 (ref)

1.85 (1.07, 3.19)*

1.44 (0.83, 2.48)

2.18 (1.31, 3.63)*

1 (ref)

1.78 (1.03, 3.09)*

0.76 (0.34, 1.68)

1.10 (0.53, 2.26)

Social problems

1 (ref)

1.20 (0.84, 1.72)

1.18 (0.85, 1.64)

1.12 (0.80, 1.58)

1 (ref)

1.52 (1.09, 2.14)*

0.89 (0.57, 1.38)

0.85 (0.55, 1.30)

Thought problems

1 (ref)

1.53 (1.06, 2.20)*

0.99 (0.69, 1.42)

1.27 (0.88, 1.84)

1 (ref)

1.76 (1.22, 2.52)*

0.77 (0.46, 1.31)

1.44 (0.92, 2.24)

Attention problems

1 (ref)

1.27 (0.94, 1.72)

1.06 (0.80, 1.41)

1.21 (0.90, 1.62)

1 (ref)

1.10 (0.81, 1.49)

0.72 (0.49, 1.06)

1.04 (0.74, 1.46)

Rule-breaking behaviors

1 (ref)

1.35 (0.96, 1.90)

1.42 (1.04, 1.92)*

1.27 (0.91, 1.77)

1 (ref)

1.09 (0.71, 1.68)

0.68 (0.39, 1.19)

0.83 (0.50, 1.38)

Aggressive behaviors

1 (ref)

1.37 (0.98, 1.92)

1.14 (0.84, 1.56)

1.00 (0.72, 1.39)

1 (ref)

1.03 (0.68, 1.56)

0.66 (0.40, 1.09)

0.86 (0.54, 1.38)

Internalizing behaviors

1 (ref)

1.09 (0.76, 1.56)

1.08 (0.78, 1.51)

1.12 (0.80, 1.57)

1 (ref)

1.63 (1.12, 2.36)*

0.82 (0.52, 1.32)

1.21 (0.78, 1.87)

Externalizing behaviors

1 (ref)

1.36 (0.99, 1.87)

1.22 (0.91, 1.64)

1.08 (0.80, 1.47)

1 (ref)

1.07 (0.73, 1.56)

0.65 (0.41, 1.04)

0.89 (0.57, 1.37)

  1. Adjusted for paternal age, paternal body mass index, paternal education, paternal smoking, maternal age, parity, maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, maternal preconception folic acid supplements, multivitamin supplements during pregnancy, and gestational weeks.
  2. CBCL Child Behavior Checklist.
  3. *Statistically significant differences (P-value < 0.05).
Back to article page