Table 4 Associations between preconceptional paternal alcohol consumption and CBCL raw scores at 2, 4 and 6 years of age in children without paternal smoking.

From: Preconceptional paternal alcohol consumption and the risk of child behavioral problems: a prospective cohort study

CBCL raw scores

All

Boys

Girls

Adjusted RR (95% CI)a

Adjusted RR (95% CI)b

Adjusted RR (95% CI)b

Children at 2 years of age

N = 341

N = 196

N = 145

Emotionally reactive

1.19 (0.95, 1.48)

1.16 (0.86, 1.55)

1.19 (0.84, 1.69)

Anxious/depressed

1.16 (0.97, 1.4)

1.11 (0.86, 1.42)

1.28 (0.97, 1.70)#

Somatic complaints

1.02 (0.86, 1.22)

0.98 (0.78, 1.23)

1.03 (0.76, 1.38)

Withdrawn

1.17 (0.89, 1.54)

1.06 (0.74, 1.52)

1.22 (0.81, 1.84)

Sleep problems

1.20 (0.98, 1.48)#

1.28 (0.98, 1.68)#

1.24 (0.88, 1.73)

Attention problems

0.92 (0.74, 1.15)

0.82 (0.61, 1.11)

1.12 (0.79, 1.58)

Aggressive behaviors

1.08 (0.92, 1.28)

1.03 (0.83, 1.28)

1.13 (0.86, 1.48)

Internalizing behaviors

1.13 (0.97, 1.32)

1.08 (0.88, 1.32)

1.18 (0.92, 1.51)

Externalizing behaviors

1.06 (0.91, 1.24)

1.00 (0.81, 1.23)

1.13 (0.88, 1.46)

Children at 4 years of age

N = 448

N = 255

N = 193

Emotionally reactive

1.21 (0.99, 1.47)#

1.09 (0.84, 1.42)

1.35 (0.99, 1.85)#

Anxious/depressed

1.27 (1.07, 1.51)*

1.08 (0.85, 1.38)

1.58 (1.24, 2.00)*

Somatic complaints

1.05 (0.89, 1.24)

1.10 (0.88, 1.36)

0.97 (0.74, 1.27)

Withdrawn

1.01 (0.79, 1.30)

1.00 (0.72, 1.40)

1.15 (0.78, 1.69)

Sleep problems

1.22 (1.01, 1.47)*

1.27 (0.99, 1.63)#

1.20 (0.91, 1.60)

Attention problems

1.06 (0.89, 1.26)

1.07 (0.85, 1.35)

1.06 (0.80, 1.41)

Aggressive behaviors

1.06 (0.90, 1.25)

1.10 (0.89, 1.37)

1.02 (0.79, 1.33)

Internalizing behaviors

1.15 (1.00, 1.34)#

1.09 (0.90, 1.33)

1.28 (1.02, 1.61)*

Externalizing behaviors

1.07 (0.92, 1.24)

1.10 (0.90, 1.36)

1.02 (0.81, 1.30)

Children at 6 years of age

N = 379

N = 224

N = 155

Anxious/depressed

1.47 (1.14, 1.91)*

1.18 (0.83, 1.70)

1.72 (1.18, 2.50)*

Withdrawn/depressed

0.94 (0.72, 1.23)

0.85 (0.59, 1.23)

0.97 (0.65, 1.44)

Somatic complaints

1.57 (1.11, 2.21)*

1.79 (1.16, 2.76)*

1.21 (0.69, 2.15)

Social problems

1.22 (0.99, 1.50)#

1.15 (0.87, 1.51)

1.21 (0.88, 1.67)

Thought problems

1.28 (1.03, 1.59)*

1.17 (0.88, 1.56)

1.37 (0.96, 1.94)#

Attention problems

1.19 (0.99, 1.43)#

1.28 (1.00, 1.63)#

1.01 (0.76, 1.33)

Rule-breaking behaviors

1.28 (1.05, 1.58)*

1.45 (1.13, 1.85)*

0.89 (0.61, 1.32)

Aggressive behaviors

1.23 (1.00, 1.52)*

1.30 (0.99, 1.69)#

0.97 (0.69, 1.38)

Internalizing behaviors

1.30 (1.05, 1.61)*

1.15 (0.87, 1.52)

1.37 (0.98, 1.91)#

Externalizing behaviors

1.23 (1.02, 1.50)*

1.33 (1.04, 1.71)*

0.95 (0.69, 1.29)

  1. CBCL Child Behavior Checklist.
  2. *Statistically significant differences (P-value < 0.05).
  3. #P-value < 0.10.
  4. aAdjusted for paternal age, paternal body mass index, paternal education, maternal age, parity, maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, maternal preconception folic acid supplements, multivitamin supplements during pregnancy, gestational weeks, and sex.
  5. bAdjusted for all potential confounding variables above except sex.
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