Table 1 Description of the studies.
Study | Country | Outcome parameters reported | Sample Size (n) [Exposed: controls] | Age in years (mean ± SD) [Exposed Vs Controls] | Serum Ca levels in mg/dl (mean ± SD) [Exposed Vs Controls] | Duration of Pb exposure (in years) [mean ± SD] | Exposure to other heavy metals | Industry type of exposed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akbal et al.5 | Turkey | PTH, Calcitriol, UDP* HYP* and OC | 30 : 32 | 39.4 ± 8.7 Vs 37.9 ± 8.2 | NA | NA | NA | Lead batteries, |
Anetor et al.3 | Nigeria | Ca* | 86 : 51 | NA | 8.9 ± 0.76 Vs 9.26 ± 0.56 | NA | Copper | Lead factory |
Anetor et al.6 | Nigeria | Ca | 47 : 25 | 33 ± 8.2 Vs. 36 ± 2.5 | 9.1 ± 0.36 Vs 9.7 ± 0.28 | NA | Magnesium | Welding (n = 9), Printing (n = 10), Paint (n = 14) and Battery (n = 14) |
Batra et al.4 | India | Ca*, PTH*, Vit-D* | 80 : 80 | 30.9 ± 5.75 Vs. 30.2 ± 6.01 | 8.35 ± 0.42 Vs 9.33 ± 0.47 | 8.57 ± 3.81 | NA | Lead battery |
Dongre et al.7 | India | Ca, PTH, Vit-D | 90 : 30 | Range: 20 to 45 | 8.3 ± 0..7 Vs 9.99 ± 0.43 | 30 each with 1–5, 6–10 and > 10 years | NA | Lead battery |
Estela Kristal Boneh et al.8 | Israel | Ca, PTH, Vit-D, Calcitriol* | 56 : 90 | 43.4 ± 11.2 Vs. 41.5 ± 9.3 | 9.7 ± 0.5 Vs 9.9 ± 0.4 | 5.3 ± 4.0 | Magnesium | Lead battery and recycling |
Himani et al.28 | India | Ca*, Vit-D* | 100 : 100 | 32.6 ± 10.3 Vs. 34.7 ± 7.9 | 8.8 ± 0.5 Vs 9.1 ± 0.8 | 14.8 ± 9.5 | NA | Lead battery |
Mazumder et al.29 | Bangladesh | Ca*, PTH*, Vit-D* | 47 : 42 | NA | 7.7 ± 2.6 Vs 9.8 ± 1.8 | NA | NA | Jewellery |
Osterode et al.9 | Austria | Ca | 12 : 12 | 42.8 ± 5.0 Vs. 40.1 ± 5.0 | 9.37 ± 0.35 Vs 9.58 ± 0.52 | NA | NA | Pb smelting |
Pizent et al.14 | Croatia | Ca* | 143 : 156 | 34 Vs. 35 | 9.98 ± 12.47 Vs 9.46 ± 8.94 | 8 (range 2–34) | Cadmium | Lead battery |
Wang et al.13 | China | Ca* | 146 : 121 | 35.8 Vs. 34.9 | 17.6 ± 6 Vs 18.48 ± 5.5 | NA | Copper | Electronic waste |
