Table 1 Experimental measurement of the permeability under the different F–T cycle conditions.

From: Mesoscopic structural damage and permeability evolution of Shale subjected to freeze–thaw treatment

Number of F–T cycles

− 5 °C permeability (\({10}^{{ - 8}} \mu m^{2}\))

− 15 °C permeability (\({10}^{{ - 8}} \mu m^{2}\))

− 30 °C permeability (\({10}^{{ - 8}} \mu m^{2}\))

0

1.39956

1.48722

1.18504

5

1.52486

1.85676

3.20107

15

1.86057

2.06849

8.52975

20

2.09398

3.19139

17.76631

25

2.40937

5.3249

20.96449

30

2.85505

7.02906

38.71187