Table 1 Mean energy-adjusted total carbohydrate intake, glycemic load, fiber intake, and starch intake by category of participant characteristics (n = 1,204).
Participant characteristic | n | Total carbohydrate (%kcals) | Glycemic load (g/1000) | Total fiber (g/1000) | Soluble fiber (g/1000) | Insoluble fiber (g/1000) | Starch (%kcals) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||||||
50–60 | 234 | 50.9 (10.5) | 65.7 (14.7) | 10.5 (3.7) | 2.8 (0.9) | 7.7 (2.9) | 18.7 (4.9) |
60–70 | 551 | 51.8 (9.3) | 66.5 (13.0) | 10.9 (3.7) | 3.0 (1.0) | 7.9 (2.8) | 18.9 (4.9) |
70–80 | 387 | 52.0 (9.1) | 66.8 (12.4) | 11.1 (3.5) | 3.0 (0.9) | 8.1 (2.7) | 18.4 (4.5) |
80 + | 32 | 55.4 (9.1) | 72.0 (12.6) | 11.9 (4.7) | 3.3 (1.2) | 8.6 (3.5) | 18.4 (4.4) |
p-value* | 0.085 | 0.088 | 0.113 | 0.009 | 0.223 | 0.438 | |
Race | |||||||
American Indian/Alaskan Native | 6 | 49.8 (9.8) | 62.9 (14.6) | 10.5 (5.1) | 2.9 (1.3) | 7.6 (3.8) | 16.7 (6.8) |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 3 | 55.7 (5.0) | 69.0 (8.4) | 10.2 (1.1) | 2.4 (0.3) | 7.8 (0.8) | 19.1 (1.9) |
Non-Hispanic Black/African-American | 18 | 55.8 (10.3) | 71.2 (15.1) | 12.6 (5.4) | 3.4 (1.4) | 9.2 (4.2) | 17.3 (5.6) |
Hispanic/Latina | 4 | 51.6 (8.7) | 65.8 (9.3) | 10.6 (3.8) | 3.3 (0.9) | 7.3 (2.9) | 20.0 (3.3) |
Non-Hispanic White | 1173 | 51.8 (9.5) | 66.5 (13.2) | 10.9 (3.6) | 2.9 (1.0) | 7.9 (2.8) | 18.7 (4.7) |
p-value | 0.415 | 0.581 | 0.373 | 0.217 | 0.431 | 0.578 | |
Education | |||||||
High school | 251 | 50.6 (9.3) | 66.1 (13.4) | 10.4 (3.5) | 2.8 (0.9) | 7.5 (2.7) | 18.9 (4.8) |
College | 522 | 51.6 (9.5) | 66.4 (13.3) | 10.8 (3.6) | 2.9 (1.0) | 7.8 (2.7) | 18.5 (4.6) |
Post college | 413 | 52.9 (9.4) | 67.3 (12.8) | 11.5 (3.8) | 3.1 (1.0) | 8.4 (2.9) | 18.8 (4.8) |
p-value | 0.007 | 0.411 | 0.0003 | 0.008 | 0.0001 | 0.406 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||
< 18.5 | 16 | 55.5 (10.0) | 72.3 (12.1) | 11.8 (4.1) | 3.3 (1.1) | 8.4 (3.2) | 21.1 (6.2) |
18.5–25 | 516 | 53.1 (9.8) | 68.0 (13.5) | 11.4 (3.8) | 3.1 (1.0) | 8.3 (2.9) | 18.7 (4.8) |
25–30 | 415 | 51.2 (8.9) | 65.9 (12.5) | 10.8 (3.6) | 2.9 (0.9) | 7.9 (2.8) | 18.7 (4.4) |
> = 30 | 257 | 49.9 (9.3) | 64.5 (13.4) | 10.0 (3.1) | 2.8 (0.9) | 7.2 (2.3) | 18.3 (5.0) |
p-value | < .0001 | 0.0009 | < .0001 | 0.0002 | < .0001 | 0.102 | |
Smoking status | |||||||
Never smoked | 635 | 52.6 (9.3) | 67.8 (13.0) | 11.1 (3.7) | 3.0 (1.0) | 8.0 (2.8) | 18.8 (4.6) |
Former smoker | 536 | 51.2 (9.6) | 65.5 (13.3) | 10.9 (3.7) | 2.9 (1.0) | 7.9 (2.8) | 18.5 (4.9) |
Current smoker | 32 | 46.3 (7.8) | 61.8 (12.0) | 7.8 (2.3) | 2.2 (0.7) | 5.6 (1.7) | 17.6 (4.5) |
p-value | 0.0002 | 0.001 | < .0001 | < .0001 | < .0001 | 0.23 | |
Pack-years of smoking | |||||||
Never smoked | 635 | 52.6 (9.3) | 67.8 (13.0) | 11.1 (3.7) | 3.0 (1.0) | 8.0 (2.8) | 18.8 (4.6) |
Tertile 1 | 181 | 52.0 (9.6) | 66.1 (13.5) | 11.2 (3.8) | 3.0 (1.0) | 8.2 (2.9) | 18.5 (5.3) |
Tertile 2 | 180 | 50.6 (9.5) | 65.0 (13.2) | 10.6 (3.5) | 2.8 (1.0) | 7.7 (2.6) | 18.3 (4.3) |
Tertile 3 | 181 | 50.2 (9.8) | 64.6 (13.5) | 10.3 (3.7) | 2.8 (1.0) | 7.5 (3.0) | 18.5 (5.0) |
p-value | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.024 | 0.005 | 0.05 | 0.546 | |
Diabetes | |||||||
No | 1148 | 51.9 (9.4) | 66.7 (13.1) | 10.9 (3.7) | 2.9 (1.0) | 7.9 (1.8) | 18.6 (4.7) |
Yes | 56 | 50.3 (10.6) | 64.0 (14.7) | 11.5 (3.5) | 3.1 (1.0) | 8.4 (2.6) | 19.3 (6.3) |
p-value | 0.227 | 0.129 | 0.237 | 0.308 | 0.233 | 0.398 | |
Teeth brushing | |||||||
Not everyday | 8 | 47.8 (5.2) | 64.9 (7.9) | 9.2 (1.9) | 2.5 (0.6) | 6.6 (1.4) | 19.5 (4.2) |
1 × a day | 268 | 50.4 (10.4) | 65.1 (15.0) | 10.3 (3.7) | 2.8 (1.0) | 7.5 (2.8) | 18.7 (5.3) |
2 × a day | 661 | 52.1 (9.2) | 67.0 (12.6) | 11.0 (3.5) | 3.0 (1.0) | 8.0 (2.7) | 18.6 (4.6) |
> 2 × a day | 267 | 52.7 (9.3) | 67.1 (12.8) | 11.4 (3.9) | 3.0 (1.0) | 8.3 (3.1) | 18.7 (4.7) |
p-value | 0.014 | 0.221 | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.964 | |
Dental flossing | |||||||
Not every week | 217 | 50.8 (9.5) | 66.3 (13.6) | 10.3 (3.7) | 2.8 (1.0) | 7.5 (2.8) | 18.7 (4.8) |
Once a week | 115 | 50.1 (9.8) | 65.2 (13.7) | 10.7 (3.6) | 2.9 (0.9) | 7.8 (2.8) | 18.2 (5.3) |
> 1 × a week | 348 | 51.0 (9.4) | 65.4 (12.9) | 10.6 (3.5) | 2.9 (1.0) | 7.7 (2.7) | 18.4 (4.5) |
Everyday | 519 | 53.3 (9.4) | 67.9 (13.0) | 11.4 (3.7) | 3.1 (0.9) | 8.3 (2.9) | 18.9 (4.8) |
p-value | < .0001 | 0.023 | 0.0005 | 0.002 | 0.0006 | 0.322 | |
Dental visits | |||||||
Never | 7 | 48.9 (9.3) | 62.1 (13.2) | 9.5 (5.4) | 2.7 (1.6) | 6.8 (3.9) | 15.2 (2.3) |
Only with a problem | 96 | 49.6 (9.6) | 65.1 (13.9) | 10.0 (3.6) | 2.7 (1.0) | 7.2 (2.8) | 18.0 (5.2) |
Once a year | 172 | 51.9 (9.01) | 67.2 (12.6) | 10.7 (3.6) | 2.9 (1.0) | 7.8 (2.7) | 19.1 (4.8) |
> 1 × a year | 929 | 52.1 (9.6) | 66.7 (13.2) | 11.1 (3.7) | 3.0 (1.0) | 8.0 (2.8) | 18.7 (4.7) |
p-value | 0.091 | 0.491 | 0.026 | 0.115 | 0.021 | 0.08 | |
Antibiotic use | |||||||
No | 1081 | 51.7 (9.5) | 66.5 (13.2) | 10.9 (3.7) | 3.0 (1.0) | 7.9 (2.8) | 18.6 (4.7) |
Yes | 123 | 52.6 (9.8) | 67.7 (13.1) | 11.0 (3.6) | 2.9 (0.9) | 8.0 (2.9) | 19.0 (5.0) |
p-value | 0.359 | 0.332 | 0.831 | 0.841 | 0.727 | 0.396 | |
