Table 2 Mean values and standard error of the mean (SEM) of metabolite concentrations expressed in µmol/L and their p value corrected by the Bonferroni method.

From: Differences in the serum metabolome profile of dairy cows according to the BHB concentration revealed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-NMR)

Class	Metabolite	G0	G1	G2	SEM	p value
Amino acids and derivates	Glutamate	49.80^a	45.00^ab	40.50^b	1.61	0.001
	Proline	21.80^a	21.00^a	18.70^b	0.70	0.009
	Serine	20.80^a	18.20^ab	15.80^b	1.17	0.007
	Aspartate	3.17^a	2.68^ab	2.12^b	0.24	0.003
	Lysine	13.90	12.80	12.10	0.60	TS
	Isoleucine	21.50	22.50	24.50	1.02	TS
	Valine	44.50	46.20	52.10	2.53	TS
	Alanine	60.50	57.50	52.30	3.33	TS
	Arginine	54.10	53.60	43.20	4.61	TS
	Leucine	26.30	24.90	28.60	1.44	NS
	Dimethylglycine	0.19	0.18	0.25	0.03	NS
	Glycine	118	109	107	7.41	NS
	Asparagine	10.74	10.59	9.99	0.59	NS
	Glutamine	50.80	54.70	55.30	2.79	NS
	Histidine	16.20	14.90	15.90	0.83	NS
	Methionine	4.13	4.34	4.18	0.30	NS
	Threonine	19.80	19.20	19.60	1.49	NS
	Betaine	6.82	8.11	6.30	0.58	NS
	Phenylalanine	8.00	7.56	7.31	0.60	NS
	Tyrosine	7.75	7.33	6.69	0.45	NS
	Creatine	56.30	59.60	58.00	2.69	NS
	Creatinine	7.69	9.02	7.84	0.64	NS
	Taurine	13.40	12.10	10.90	0.93	NS
	3-Methylhistidine	3.97	3.89	4.06	0.29	NS
	Sarcosine	0.56	0.57	0.51	0.03	NS
	N6-acetyl-lysine	5.87	6.19	5.29	0.39	NS
	2-Aminobutyrate	9.58	9.40	9.29	0.65	NS
Organic acids	3-Hydroxyisobutyrate	3.88^a	5.56^ab	7.52^b	0.53	< 0.0001
	Acetate	170^a	238^ab	284^b	28.13	0.008
	Succinate	1.82^a	1.78^a	2.75^b	0.26	0.028
	Formate	12.31	10.24	9.28	0.86	TS
	Pyruvate	5.11	4.97	4.14	0.36	TS
	Propionate	3.39	4.03	4.23	0.76	NS
	Lactate	223	170	185	29	NS
	Citrate	25.60	27.60	24.40	2.69	NS
	Fumarate	0.79	0.75	0.76	0.06	NS
	2-Hydroxybutyrate	6.33	5.68	6.82	0.79	NS
Alcohols	2,3-Butanediol	0.99^a	1.47^ab	3.25^b	0.55	0.003
	Methanol	3.02^a	4.83^ab	9.40^b	1.76	0.033
	Ethanol	3.36	4.01	16.80	5.48	TS
	Glycerol	12.50	12.00	13.60	1.91	NS
	myo-Inositol	7.81	6.96	5.46	0.80	NS
Carbohydrates	Glucose	943	1009	867	31.73	NS
	Mannose	8.51	9.04	7.65	0.67	NS
	Lactose	11.00	11.40	12.10	1.74	NS
	Gluconate	42.70	28.40	41.80	7.67	NS
Amine and derivates	TMAO	13.00	19.00	18.90	2.30	TS
Amine and derivates	Dimethylamine	0.79	0.86	0.94	0.13	NS
Fatty acids	Isovalerate	7.60^a	6.74^ab	6.26^b	0.23	0.001
Fatty acids	Methylsuccinate	0.71^a	0.80^a	1.19^b	0.12	0.008
Ketone bodies	3-Hydroxybutyrate	51.30^a	74.80^ab	188.10^b	25.67	< 0.0001
Ketone bodies	Acetone	3.91	6.25	54.10	16.83	TS
Sulfone	Dimethyl sulfone	11.35	9.72	6.74	1.28	TS
Vitamin	Choline	2.03^a	1.83^ab	1.23^b	0.18	0.043
Imidazole	Allantoin	16.50	18.30	15.00	1.11	NS
Nucleoside	Uridine	4.92	4.46	4.86	0.38	NS
Guanidine	Methylguanidine	1.06	1.00	0.94	0.05	NS

NS not significant, TS trend to significance (0.05 ≤ p value ≤ 0.10).
^a,bShowed significant differences within rows.

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Table 2 Mean values and standard error of the mean (SEM) of metabolite concentrations expressed in µmol/L and their p value corrected by the Bonferroni method.

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